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Charles Wilkins (1831-1913) was a Welsh postmaster and librarian who had a deep interest in local and regional history, especially of the town of Merthyr Tydfil where he lived. He wrote prolifically for many of the local newspapers, and produced histories of the town, Welsh literature, and the region's coal trade before tackling this work, published in 1903, which examines the rise of the iron and steel industries across the region, and gives a lively account of the notable families who were behind this industrial expansion from the eighteenth century onwards. Wales was a hub of steel, iron and tin production, which became much in demand during the Industrial Revolution. Wilkins also considers the workers' lives, devoting space to the riots of 1831, and paints a broad social and economic portrait of Wales at a time of great transition.

Steel industry and trade --- Iron industry and trade --- Tinplate industry --- History --- Wales --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions --- Tin industry --- Ferrous metal industries --- Metal trade --- Cambria --- Cymric --- Gwalia --- Cymru --- England and Wales

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Sanskrit language --- Grammar.

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Indo-European literature

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As with most empires of the Early Modern period (1500-1800), the Ottomans mobilized human and material resources for warmaking on a scale that was vast and unprecedented. The present volume examines the direct and indirect effects of warmaking on Aleppo, an important Ottoman administrative center and Levantine trading city, as the empire engaged in multiple conflicts, including wars with Venice (1644-69), Poland (1672-76) and the Hapsburg Empire (1663-64, 1683-99). Focusing on urban institutions such as residential quarters, military garrisons, and guilds, and using intensively the records of local law courts, the study explores how the routinization of direct imperial taxes and the assimilation of soldiers to civilian life challenged – and reshaped – the city’s social and political order.

Aleppo (Syria) --- Solidarity --- Taxation --- Soldiers --- Guilds --- City and town life --- Political aspects --- History --- Economic aspects --- Turkey --- Politics and government --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Duties --- Fee system (Taxation) --- Tax policy --- Tax reform --- Taxation, Incidence of --- Taxes --- Finance, Public --- Revenue --- City life --- Town life --- Urban life --- Sociology, Urban --- Craft guilds --- Gilds --- Labor organizations --- Merchant companies --- Workers' associations --- Artisans --- Employers' associations --- Labor unions --- Armed Forces personnel --- Members of the Armed Forces --- Military personnel --- Military service members --- Service members --- Servicemen, Military --- Armed Forces --- Cooperation --- Societies, etc. --- Ottoman Empire --- Aleppo --- Alep (Syria) --- Beroea (Syria) --- Chale (Syria) --- Chelbon (Syria) --- Haleb (Syria) --- Helbon (Syria) --- Halēp (Syria) --- Khalepion (Syria) --- Biblical Beroea (Syria) --- Berea (Syria) --- Madīnat Ḥalab (Syria) --- Ḥalab (Syria) --- Aram-Tsova (Syria) --- Ḥalev (Syria) --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918