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Andrea Wiley investigates the ecological, historical, and socio-cultural factors that contribute to the peculiar pattern of infant mortality in Ladakh, a high-altitude region in the western Himalayas of India. Ladakhi newborns are extremely small at birth, smaller than those in other high-altitude populations, smaller still than those in sea level regions. Factors such as hypoxia, dietary patterns, the burden of women's work, gender, infectious diseases, seasonality, and use of local health resources all affect a newborn's birth weight and raise the likelihood of infant mortality. An Ecology of High-Altitude Infancy is unique in that it makes use of the methods of human biology but strongly emphasizes the ethnographic context that gives human biological measures their meaning. It is an example of a new genre of anthropological work: 'ethnographic human biology'.
Medical anthropology --- Infants --- Altitude, Influence of --- Human ecology --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Acclimatization --- Atmospheric pressure --- Medical climatology --- Babies --- Infancy --- Children --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Anthropology --- Mortality --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Physiological effect --- Anthropological aspects --- Ladākh (India) --- Environmental conditions. --- La-dwags (India) --- Ladākh District (India) --- Ladākh Tahsil (India) --- Laddākha (India) --- Laddakh (India) --- Social Sciences --- Union Territory of Ladākh (India) --- Ladakh (India)
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Milk is the only food mammals produce naturally to feed their offspring. The human species is the only one that takes milk from other animals and consumes it beyond weaning age. Cultures of Milk contrasts the practices of the world's two leading milk producers, India and the United States. In both countries, milk is considered to have special qualities. Drawing on ethnographic and scientific studies, popular media, and government reports, Andrea Wiley reveals that the cultural significance of milk goes well beyond its nutritive value. Shifting socioeconomic and political factors influence how people perceive the importance of milk and how much they consume. In India, where milk is out of reach for many, consumption is rising rapidly among the urban middle class. But milk drinking is declining in America, despite the strength of the dairy industry. Milk is bound up in discussions of food scarcity in India and food abundance in the United States. Promotion of milk as a means to enhance child growth boosted consumption in twentieth-century America and is currently doing the same in India, where average height is low. Wiley considers how variation among populations in the ability to digest lactose and ideas about how milk affects digestion influence the type of milk and milk products consumed. In India, most milk comes from buffalo, but cows have sacred status for Hindus. In the United States, cow's milk has long been a privileged food, but is now facing competition from plant-based milk.
Milk --- Dairy products --- Food preferences --- Food selection --- Food habits --- Nutrition --- Taste --- Milk products --- Products, Dairy --- Animal products --- Exocrine glands --- Social aspects --- History. --- Psychological aspects --- Secretions
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