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Economic growth --- Demography --- Industrial psychology --- Developing countries --- Economic development --- Effect of education on --- Mathematical models --- Population --- Economic development - Effect of education on - Mathematical models --- Developing countries - Population - Mathematical models
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Biography was Samuel Johnson's favorite among literary genres, and his Lives of the Poets is often regarded as the capstone of his career. The central place of biography in his oeuvre is explored in this collection of nine original essays by leading Johnson scholars. Varied in their focus and approach, the essays range from a philosophical overview of Johnson's notion of the relation between life and art, to a detailed reading of the Life of Milton, to a speculation on the value of the Lives in the classroom.Emerging clearly in the essays are the dual concerns -- artistic and intellectual -
Poets, English --- Biography as a literary form. --- English poets --- Biography --- Authorship --- Prose literature --- History and criticism. --- History and criticism --- Technique --- Johnson, Samuel, --- Jonsan, Śāmuʼél, --- Author of the Rambler, --- Rambler, Author of the, --- Gʹonson, Samyuʼel, --- صمويل جونسون --- Criticism and interpretation.
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In both countries the higher the level of community income, the lower the pollution intensity of local plants. This paper provides support for the idea that community-based pressure on plants to abate pollution exists, even in the presence of formal regulation. Pargal, Hettige, Singh, and Wheeler start from the premise that governments act as agents of the public in regulating pollution, using the instruments at their disposal. But when formal regulatory mechanisms are absent or ineffective, communities will seek other means of translating their preferences into reality. Recent empirical work suggests the widespread existence of such informal regulation: communities are often able to negotiate with or otherwise informally pressure polluting plants in their vicinity to clean up. Their thesis is that such informal regulation is likely wherever formal regulation leaves a gap between actual and locally preferred environmental quality. They use plant-level data from Indonesia and the United States- countries that are very different, both socioeconomically and in terms of pollution regulation- test a model of equilibrium pollution under informal regulation. Their results suggest three common elements across countries and pollutants: * Abatement is generally subject to significant scale economies. * Within-country variations in labor and energy prices have little impact on pollution intensity. * Community incomes have a powerful negative association with pollution intensity. Their findings on community income are especially important, as they suggest a powerful role for informal regulation whether or not formal regulation is in place. The impact of income disparity on intercounty differences in U.S. pollution intensities seems to match the impact in Indonesia. Undoubtedly, this reflects differences in both preference for environmental quality and ability to bring pressure on polluting factories. The fact that such disparities exist in the United States, even for traditionally regulated pollutants, shows that U.S. regulation has not been able to ensure uniform environmental quality for all citizens regardless of income class. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the pollution abatement pressures faced by firms.
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March 1995 Most developing countries have little or no data on industrial pollution, but many of them have fairly detailed industry-survey information on employment, value added, or output. The industrial pollution projection system is designed to convert that information to a profile of the associated pollution. The World Bank's technical assistance work with new environmental protection institutions stresses cost-effective regulation, with market-based pollution control instruments implemented wherever feasible. But few environmental protection institutions can do the benefit-cost analysis needed because they lack data on industrial emissions and abatement costs. For the time being, they must use appropriate estimates. The industrial pollution projection system (IPPS) is being developed as a comprehensive response to this need for estimates. The estimation of IPPS parameters is providing a much clearer, more detailed view of the sources of industrial pollution. The IPPS has been developed to exploit the fact that industrial pollution is heavily affected by the scale of industrial activity, by its sectoral composition, and by the type of process technology used in production. Most developing countries have little or no data on industrial pollution, but many of them have relatively detailed industry-survey information on employment, value added, or output. The IPPS is designed to convert this information to a profile of associated pollutant output for countries, regions, urban areas, or proposed new projects. It operates through sectoral estimates of pollution intensity, or pollution per unit of activity. The IPPS is being developed in two phases. The first prototype has been estimated from a massive U.S. data base developed by the Bank's Policy Research Department, Environment, Infrastructure, and Agriculture Division, in collaboration with the Center for Economic Studies of the U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This database was created by merging manufacturing census data with Environment Protection Agency data on air, water, and solid waste emissions. It draws on environmental, economic, and geographic information from about 200,000 U.S. factories. The IPPS covers about 1,500 product categories, all operating technologies, and hundreds of pollutants. It can project air, water, or solid waste emissions, and it incorporates a range of risk factors for human toxins and ecotoxic effects. The more ambitious second phase of IPPS development will take into account cross-country and cross-regional variations in relative prices, economic and sectoral policies, and strictness of regulation. This paper -- a product of the Environment, Infrastructure, and Agriculture Division, Policy Research Department -- is part of a larger effort in the department to study the determinants of industrial pollution as an aid to cost-effective regulation in developing countries. David Wheeler may be contacted at dwheeler1@worldbank.org.
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Money market. Capital market --- Professional ethics. Deontology --- Organization theory --- #SBIB:052.IOS --- #SBIB:35H200 --- #SBIB:35H500 --- 658.1 --- 658.315 --- 658.317.4 --- Overheidsmanagement: algemene werken --- Bestuur en samenleving: algemene werken --- Forms of enterprise. Finances --- Relations between management and workforce within the firm --- Corporate governance. --- Industrial management. --- 658.315 Relations between management and workforce within the firm --- 658.1 Forms of enterprise. Finances
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