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This departmental paper provides an in-depth overview of access to climate finance for Pacific Island Countries, evaluating successes and challenges faced by countries and proposes a way forward to unlock access to climate funds.

Climatic changes. --- Climate change --- Climate finance --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Environment --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental economics --- Environmental Economics: General --- Environmental Policy --- Environmental policy --- Environmental sciences --- Finance, Public --- Global Warming --- International institutions --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Natural Disasters --- Natural disasters --- Political economy --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Micronesia, Federated States of

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Achieving gender equality remains a significant challenge, that has only deepened with the on-set of the COVID-19 pandemic. Gender budgeting (GB) can help promote gender equality by applying a gender perspective to fiscal policies and the budget process. This paper takes stock of GB practices in G20 countries and benchmarks country performance using a GB index and data gathered from an IMF survey. All G20 countries have enacted gender focused fiscal policies but the public financial management (PFM) tools to operationalize these policies are far less established. We find that notwithstanding heterogeneity across countries, the average G20 level of GB practice is relatively low. More progress has been made establishing GB frameworks and budget preparation tools than with budget execution, monitoring and auditing. Too few countries assess the upfront impact of policies on gender and/or evaluate ex-post the effectiveness of policies and programs. Where GB features are in place, they tend to operate as an ‘add-on’, rather than a strategic and integral part of resource allocation decisions. Progress with GB does not appear to be dependent on the level of country development. Key to future efforts will be harnessing opportunities for integrating GB tools into existing PFM systems and more closely linking GB initiatives with PFM reforms.

Austria --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Gender Studies --- Budgeting --- Women''s Studies' --- Public Finance --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Policy Objectives --- Policy Designs and Consistency --- Policy Coordination --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Gender studies, gender groups --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Budgeting & financial management --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Public finance & taxation --- Gender inequality --- Gender --- Gender budgeting --- Budget planning and preparation --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Women --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sex role --- Sex discrimination --- Budget --- Finance, Public --- Women & girls --- Women's Studies