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2010 saw the publication of the Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on the Science of Computus in Ireland and Europe, which took place in Galway, 14–16 July, 2006. That first collection, which had the sub-title Computus and its Cultural Context in the Latin West,AD 300–1200, brought together papers by ten of the leading scholars in the field, on subjects ranging from the origins of the Annus Domini to the study of computus in Ireland c. 1100. All those who participated in the Conference were unanimous that a second, follow-up event should be organized, and that duly took place (also in Galway), 18–20 July, 2008. The proceedings of that Conference are published in this current volume. The topics covered in the 2nd Galway Conference ranged from the general – but vitally important – vocabulary of computus (i.e., the technical terminology developed by computists to describe what they were doing) to the origins of the different systems used to calculate the date of Easter in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. In addition, there was discussion also of the great debates about Easter, epitomized by the famous Synod of Whitby in AD 664, and the role of well-known individuals in the evolution of computistical knowledge (e.g., Anatolius of Laodicea, the African Augustalis, Sulpicius Severus, Victorius of Aquitaine, Cassiodorus, Dionysius Exiguus, Willibrord, the ninth-century Irish scholar-exile, Dicuil, as well as the late-tenth century Abbo of Fleury).

Easter --- Church calendar --- Church history --- Calendar --- Calendars --- Astronomy, Medieval --- Pâques --- Calendrier liturgique --- Eglise --- Calendrier --- Calendriers --- Astronomie médiévale --- History --- Chronology --- Histoire --- Chronologie --- 264-11 --- 398.332.12 --- Liturgische kalender. Martelaarsboeken --- Pasen --- Conferences - Meetings --- 398.332.12 Pasen --- 264-11 Liturgische kalender. Martelaarsboeken --- Pâques --- Astronomie médiévale --- Congresses --- Europe --- To 1500 --- Astronomy [Medieval ] --- History. --- Calendar, Ecclesiastical --- Computus ecclesiasticus --- Ecclesiastical calendar --- Heortology --- Religious calendars --- Fasts and feasts --- Church year --- Holy Week --- Christianity

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A collection of 27 articles on cultural interactions between Ireland, Britain and the Continent during the early Middle Ages. The pivotal role of Ireland in the development of a decidedly Christian culture in early medieval Europe has long been recognized. Still, Irish scholarship on early medieval Ireland has tended not to look beyond the Irish Sea, while continental scholars try to avoid Hibernica by reference to its special Celtic background. Following the lead of the honorand of this volume, Prof. Dáibhí Ó Cróinín, this collection of 27 essays aims at contributing to a reversal of this general trend. By way of introduction to the period, the first section deals with chronological problems faced by modern scholars as well as the controversial issues relating to the reckoning of time discussed by contemporary intellectuals. The following three sections then focus on Ireland’s interaction with its neighbours, namely a) Ireland in the insular world, b) continental influences in Ireland, and c) Irish influences on the Continent. The concluding section is devoted to modern scholarship and the perception of the Middle Ages in modern literature.

Ireland --- History --- Relations --- Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí --- Festschriften --- Civilization [Medieval ] --- Irish influences --- Christianity --- Medieval period, 600-1500 --- To 1172 --- Great Britain --- Europe --- Civilization --- Medieval influences --- Ireland - History - To 1172 --- Ireland - Relations - Great Britain --- Ireland - Relations - Europe

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Late antique and early medieval science is commonly defined by the 'quadrivium', the four subjects of the seven liberal arts relating to natural science: astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, and music. The seven-fold division of learning was designed in Late Antiquity by authors such as Martianus Capella, and these authors were studied intensively from the Carolingian age onwards. Because these subjects still have currency today, this leads to the anachronistic view that the 'artes' dominated intellectual thought in Late Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Quite the contrary, the 'artes' were an idealized curriculum with limited application in practice. Certainly, the 'artes' do not help in our understanding of the intellectual endeavour between the early fifth and the late eighth centuries. This period was dominated by 'computus', a calendrical science with the calculation of Easter at its core. Only 'computus' provides a traceable continuation of scientific thought from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages. The key questions were the mathematical modeling of the course of the sun through the zodiac (the Julian calendar) and of the moon phases (in various lunar calendars). This volume highlights key episodes in the transmission of calendrical ideas in this crucial period, and therewith helps explaining the transformation of intellectual culture into its new medieval Christian setting.

Calendar --- Calendar. --- Church calendar --- Church calendar. --- Computus --- History --- Priscianus --- Handschrift --- Sankt Gallen --- Stiftsbibliothek Sankt Gallen --- Cod. 904 --- Stiftsbibliothek Sankt. --- Europa --- To 1500 --- Europe. --- Ireland. --- Irlan. --- Irland

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History