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Ethics --- Ethiek --- Ethique --- Fallacies (Logic) --- Sofismen --- Sophismes --- Ethics. --- Fallacies (Logic).

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Recent work in artificial intelligence has increasingly turned to argumentation as a rich, interdisciplinary area of research that can provide new methods related to evidence and reasoning in the area of law. Douglas Walton provides an introduction to basic concepts, tools and methods in argumentation theory and artificial intelligence as applied to the analysis and evaluation of witness testimony. He shows how witness testimony is by its nature inherently fallible and sometimes subject to disastrous failures. At the same time such testimony can provide evidence that is not only necessary but inherently reasonable for logically guiding legal experts to accept or reject a claim. Walton shows how to overcome the traditional disdain for witness testimony as a type of evidence shown by logical positivists, and the views of trial sceptics who doubt that trial rules deal with witness testimony in a way that yields a rational decision-making process.

Law --- Witnesses. --- Evidence (Law) --- Reasoning. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Relevance (Philosophy) --- Droit --- Témoins --- Preuve (Droit) --- Raisonnement --- Intelligence artificielle --- Pertinence (Logique) --- Methodology. --- Méthodologie --- Evidence (Law). --- Relevance (Philosophy). --- Témoins --- Méthodologie --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Extrinsic evidence --- Parol evidence --- Trial evidence --- Actions and defenses --- Judicial process --- Trial practice --- Estoppel --- Testimony --- Eyewitness identification --- Legal reasoning

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Fundamentals of Critical Argumentation presents the basic tools for the identification, analysis, and evaluation of common arguments for beginners. The book teaches by using examples of arguments in dialogues, both in the text itself and in the exercises. Examples of controversial legal, political, and ethical arguments are analyzed. Illustrating the most common kinds of arguments, the book also explains how to evaluate each kind by critical questioning. Douglas Walton shows how arguments can be reasonable under the right dialogue conditions by using critical questions to evaluate them. The book teaches by example, both in the text itself and in exercises, but it is based on methods that have been developed through the author's thirty years of research in argumentation studies.

Reasoning --- Reasoning. --- #KVHA:Taalkunde --- #KVHA:Argumentatie --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Philosophy. --- Mental philosophy --- Humanities --- Arts and Humanities --- Philosophy

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Fallacies (Logic) --- Logic --- Reasoning --- #SBIB:309H511 --- Argumentation --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Thought and thinking --- Judgment (Logic) --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Errors, Logical --- Sophisms (Logic) --- Sophistry (Logic) --- Verbale communicatie: algemene pragmatiek, stilistiek en teksttheorie, discoursanalyse --- Methodology

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The basic question of this monograph is: how should we go about judging arguments to be reasonable or unreasonable? Our concern will be with argument in a broad sense, with realistic arguments in natural language. The basic object will be to engage in a normative study of determining what factors, standards, or procedures should be adopted or appealed to in evaluating an argument as "good," "not-so-good," "open to criticism," "fallacious," and so forth. Hence our primary concern will be with the problems of how to criticize an argument, and when a criticism is reasonably justified.

Logic --- Sofismen --- Logique --- Sophismes --- Logica. --- Fallacies (Logic) --- Logic. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Errors, Logical --- Sophisms (Logic) --- Sophistry (Logic) --- Judgment (Logic) --- Methodology