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Anemia --- Anaemia --- Blood --- Social aspects --- History. --- Diseases

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Anemia --- Anemia --- Anemia --- Technology, Medical --- Sociology, Medical --- Technology Assessment, Biomedical --- History. --- Social aspects --- history --- history

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Spanning a century, Pushing Cool reveals how the twin deceptions of health and Black affinity for menthol were crafted—and how the industry’s disturbingly powerful narrative has endured to this day. Police put Eric Garner in a fatal chokehold for selling cigarettes on a New York City street corner. George Floyd was killed by police outside a store in Minneapolis known as “the best place to buy menthols.” Black smokers overwhelmingly prefer menthol brands such as Kool, Salem, and Newport. All of this is no coincidence. The disproportionate Black deaths and cries of “I can’t breathe” that ring out in our era—because of police violence, COVID-19, or menthol smoking—are intimately connected to a post-1960s history of race and exploitation. In Pushing Cool, Keith Wailoo tells the intricate and poignant story of menthol cigarettes for the first time. He pulls back the curtain to reveal the hidden persuaders who shaped menthol buying habits and racial markets across America: the world of tobacco marketers, consultants, psychologists, and social scientists, as well as Black lawmakers and civic groups including the NAACP. Today most Black smokers buy menthols, and calls to prohibit their circulation hinge on a history of the industry’s targeted racial marketing. In 2009, when Congress banned flavored cigarettes as criminal enticements to encourage youth smoking, menthol cigarettes were also slated to be banned. Through a detailed study of internal tobacco industry documents, Wailoo exposes why they weren’t and how they remain so popular with Black smokers.

Menthol cigarettes --- African Americans --- History --- smoking, black, culture, history, kool, newport, salem, health, healthcare, public, medicine, marketing, ban, urban, activism.

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Why do racial and ethnic controversies become attached, as they often do, to discussions of modern genetics? How do theories about genetic difference become entangled with political debates about cultural and group differences in America? Such issues are a conspicuous part of the histories of three hereditary diseases: Tay-Sachs, commonly identified with Jewish Americans; cystic fibrosis, often labeled a "Caucasian" disease; and sickle cell disease, widely associated with African Americans. In this captivating account, historians Keith Wailoo and Stephen Pemberton reveal how these diseases -- fraught with ethnic and racial meanings for many Americans -- became objects of biological fascination and crucibles of social debate. Peering behind the headlines of breakthrough treatments and coming cures, they tell a complex story: about different kinds of suffering and faith, about unequal access to the promises and perils of modern medicine, and about how Americans consume innovation and how they come to believe in, or resist, the notion of imminent medical breakthroughs. With Tay-Sachs, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell disease as a powerful backdrop, the authors provide a glimpse into a diverse America where racial ideologies, cultural politics, and conflicting beliefs about the power of genetics shape disparate health care expectations and experiences.&

Genetic disorders --- Ethnic groups --- Tay-Sachs disease --- Cystic fibrosis --- Sickle cell anemia --- Research --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Diseases --- Genetic aspects --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn --- Anemia, Sickle Cell. --- Cystic Fibrosis. --- Health Services Accessibility. --- Tay-Sachs Disease. --- #SBIB:316.334.3M11 --- #SBIB:316.334.3M51 --- Amaurotic familial idiocy --- Amaurotic family idiocy --- Gangliosidosis GM2 type 1 --- GM2 gangliosidosis, Type 1 --- Hexosaminidase A deficiency (Tay-Sachs) --- Sachs disease --- Type 1 GM2 gangliosidosis --- Gangliosidoses --- Access to health care --- Accessibility of health services --- Availability of health services --- Medical care --- CF (Disease) --- Fibrocystic disease of pancreas --- Mucoviscidosis --- Pancreatic cystic fibrosis --- Fibrosis --- Lungs --- Pancreas --- Drepanocytic anemia --- Meniscocytosis --- Sickle cell disease --- Blood hyperviscosity syndrome --- Hemoglobinopathy --- Hemolytic anemia --- Ethnic identities --- Ethnic nations (Ethnic groups) --- Groups, Ethnic --- Kindred groups (Ethnic groups) --- Nationalities (Ethnic groups) --- Peoples (Ethnic groups) --- Ethnology --- Congenital diseases --- Disorders, Genetic --- Disorders, Inherited --- Genetic diseases --- Hereditary diseases --- Inherited diseases --- Medical genetics --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Diseases. --- Genetic aspects. --- ethnology. --- prevention & control. --- Medische sociologie: concepten en theorieën --- Organisatie van de gezondheidszorg: modellen van therapeutisch handelen --- Access --- Ethnology. --- Prevention & control. --- Research&delete& --- Genetic disorders - Research - Moral and ethical aspects --- Ethnic groups - Diseases --- Tay-Sachs disease - Genetic aspects --- Cystic fibrosis - Genetic aspects --- Sickle cell anemia - Genetic aspects --- Droit médical

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Our genetic markers have come to be regarded as portals to the past. Analysis of these markers is increasingly used to tell the story of human migration; to investigate and judge issues of social membership and kinship; to rewrite history and collective memory; to right past wrongs and to arbitrate legal claims and human rights controversies; and to open new thinking about health and well-being. At the same time, in many societies genetic evidence is being called upon to perform a kind of racially charged cultural work: to repair the racial past and to transform scholarly and popular opinion about the “nature” of identity in the present. Genetics and the Unsettled Past considers the alignment of genetic science with commercial genealogy, with legal and forensic developments, and with pharmaceutical innovation to examine how these trends lend renewed authority to biological understandings of race and history. This unique collection brings together scholars from a wide range of disciplines—biology, history, cultural studies, law, medicine, anthropology, ethnic studies, sociology—to explore the emerging and often contested connections among race, DNA, and history. Written for a general audience, the book’s essays touch upon a variety of topics, including the rise and implications of DNA in genealogy, law, and other fields; the cultural and political uses and misuses of genetic information; the way in which DNA testing is reshaping understandings of group identity for French Canadians, Native Americans, South Africans, and many others within and across cultural and national boundaries; and the sweeping implications of genetics for society today.

Ethnicity. --- Race. --- Genetic markers. --- Gene mapping. --- Genomics. --- Human population genetics. --- Ethnic identity --- Group identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Physical anthropology --- Chromosome markers --- DNA markers --- Biochemical markers --- Chromosome mapping --- Genetic mapping --- Genome mapping --- Linkage mapping (Genetics) --- Mapping, Gene --- Genetics --- Genome research --- Genomes --- Molecular genetics --- Human genetics --- Population genetics --- Technique --- Research