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In recent years a global network of science has emerged as a result of thousands of individual scientists seeking to collaborate with colleagues around the world, creating a network which rises above national systems. The globalization of science is part of the underlying shift in knowledge creation generally: the collaborative era in science. Over the past decade, the growth in the amount of knowledge and the speed at which it is available has created a fundamental shift—where data, information, and knowledge were once scarce resources, they are now abundantly available. Collaboration, openness, customer- or problem-focused research and development, altruism, and reciprocity are notable features of abundance, and they create challenges that economists have not yet studied. This book defines the collaborative era, describes how it came to be, reveals its internal dynamics, and demonstrates how real-world practitioners are changing to take advantage of it. Most importantly, the book lays out a guide for policymakers and entrepreneurs as they shift perspectives to take advantage of the collaborative era in order to create social and economic welfare.

Science --- General ethics --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Human medicine --- technologiebeleid --- economische politiek --- wetenschap --- ethiek --- technologie

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"Combines quantitative data and extensive interviews to map emerging global science networks and trace the dynamics driving their growth. Argues that the shift from big science to global networks creates unprecedented opportunities for developing countries to tap science's potential. Offers a guidebook and playbook for policymakers confronting science's transformation"--Provided by publisher.

Science and state. --- Science --- Global method of teaching. --- Research --- Information networks. --- Study and teaching --- International cooperation.

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Science --- Technology --- Government information agencies --- Administrative agencies --- Information services --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Industrial arts --- Material culture --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Evaluation.

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The governments of the Republic of Korea and the United States over the past 40 years have made commitments to build a cooperative relationship in S & T that serves both political and scientific goals. The policy commitment has resulted in a strong S & T relationship. Partly as a result of this commitment, and partly due to Korea's aggressive investments into research and development (R & D) spending, Korean capacity to conduct world-class R & D now puts it among the top countries in the world. Both governments have made significant financial commitments to bilateral S & T cooperation. The Korean government's part in this effort has included investments in joint projects with the United States, supported by a policy of strong domestic investment in R & D. The United States government has provided both development assistance (now terminated) and special grant programs to build scientific capacity in Korea and to encourage cooperation. Thousands of Korean students have studied S & T in the United States. The bilateral S & T relationship has grown in an environment where international S & T cooperation is growing overall: Promoting cooperation is becoming a more important part of the S & T policies of most advanced and many developing countries. The network resulting from international cooperation in science is creating a system that is transcending the actions and direct influence of individual nations, and taking on a global character. This shift in the gravity centers of science has implications for the bilateral relationship as well as Korea's and the United States' relationship with other countries. The enhanced scientific capacity of Korea, the changing structure of international science, and shifts in the role of the United States in it, suggest that a reexamination of the relationship is in order. The most robust cooperation grows from the "bottom up"--Scientists linking with each other and identifying important areas of common interest and concern and this should be considered as the focus of the Korea-U.S. relationship. More importantly, while it may be useful to continue to seek bilateral ties, international cooperation is more often taking on a multinational character. This suggests that a focus on a bilateral relationship may be too narrow: the two countries should look together at ways to link (jointly or separately) with other partners. A review of complementarities may also identify important areas where the two countries should work together.

Research --- Technology --- International cooperation.

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The United States spends considerable sums on international cooperation in research and development (ICRD). Policymakers have expressed concerns about these cooperative activities. Some fear that the United States is paying more than its fair share of the work's cost. Others worry that the country is giving away critical technologies to potential foreign competitors. Additional concerns have been voiced that cooperative programs subordinate the interests of true science to strategic or political ends. These claims are difficult to test, however, for a number of reasons: the large number of projects; the long timelines of projects; and the focus on reporting research results, not measuring larger benefits. This report uses information from the RAND RaDiUS research and development (R & D) database, complemented by agency interviews, to catalogue international cooperative R & D and to construct a framework for assessing benefits the United States may derive from participation in such research. Based on the framework of metrics developed for this project, the author also presents a case study examining cooperation in earthquake sciences and seismology to test the ability of these metrics to provide feedback on benefits.

Research --- Technology --- Technology and state --- International cooperation. --- Finance.