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QAIDA (ORGANIZATION) --- TERRORISM--EUROPE --- TERRORISM--RELIGIOUS ASPECTS--ISLAM --- JIHAD

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In the past few years, the MENA region witnessed a rise in jihadist extremism and radicalization, as countries in the area were rocked by a series of deadly terrorist attacks. As authorities responded to the threat, it became clear that in order to effectively counter the phenomenon, traditional repressive measures had to now be accompanied by alternative methods of prevention, rehabilitation and dissuasion. How have different governments around the Mediterranean responded? What sort of alternative measures have been taken? How effective have these policies been? What further steps can be taken to strengthen the response of the authorities? These are just some of the key issues that this ISPI Report seeks to cover. The experts in this volume illustrate the policies of contrast, prevention and de-radicalization that have been adopted by countries in the MENA region, revealing emerging trends, lessons learned and overviews of this security status.

Mediterranean Region --- Social conditions. --- Radicalism --- Terrorism --- Political violence --- Prevention. --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Extremism, Political --- Ideological extremism --- Political extremism --- Political science --- Violence --- Political crimes and offenses --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Insurgency --- Subversive activities --- Terror

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The Muslim Brotherhood in the West remains a mysterious entity. In The Closed Circle, Lorenzo Vidino offers an unprecedented inside view into how one of the world’s most influential Islamist groups operates. He marshals unique interviews with prominent former members and associates from Europe, the United Kingdom, and North America, shedding light on why and how people join and leave Western outfits of the Muslim Brotherhood.Drawing on these striking personal accounts, Vidino weaves together the experiences of individuals who participated in and later renounced Brotherhood groups. Their perspectives provide a wealth of new information about the Brotherhood’s secretive inner workings and the networks that connecting the small yet highly organized cluster of Brotherhood-influenced groups. The Closed Circle examines the tactics the Brotherhood uses to recruit and retain participants as well as how and why individuals make the difficult decision to leave. Through the stories of diverse former members, Vidino paints a portrait of a highly structured, tight-knit movement. His unprecedented access and understanding of the group’s activities and motivations has significant policy implications concerning Western Brotherhood organizations and also illuminates the underlying mechanisms found in a range of extremist groups.

Political sociology --- Politics --- Islam and politics --- Islamic fundamentalism --- Muslims --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn

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Negli ultimi anni migliaia di foreign fighters sono partiti da piu di 100 paesi per unirsi a gruppi armati, specialmente di matrice jihadista, in Siria e Iraq e in altri teatri di guerra. Il fenomeno ha interessato anche l'Italia, anche se in misura assai piu ridotta rispetto ad altri paesi europei. I foreign fighters d'Italia sono, infatti, circa 130. Quali sono le caratteristiche socio-demografiche di questi individui? Dove risiedevano prima di partire? Facevano parte di network estremistici in Italia e in Europa? Quale ruolo hanno assunto nell'area del conflitto? Quanti sono gia ritornati? Esistono profili comuni? Questi sono solo alcuni degli interrogativi a cui questo Rapporto ISPI cerca di dare una risposta. Tramite un'analisi dettagliata dei profili dei foreign fighters legati all'Italia, sulla base di dati originali, vengono messe in evidenza, per la prima volta, le peculiarita dell'intero contingente nazionale, anche grazie al confronto con gli altri paesi occidentali.

Muslims --- Muslims.

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In the last three years, Europe and North America have been hit by an unprecedented wave of terrorist attacks, carried out by individuals inspired by jihadist ideology. Who are the authors of these attacks? Are they born and raised in the West or are they refugees and migrants? How are they radicalized? Were they well educated and integrated or, on the contrary, lived on the margins of society? Have they acted alone? What were their connections with the Islamic State? Answering these and other questions is useful for understanding the nature and scope of the threat and for being able to identify adequate political solutions based on empirical evidence. The study - the first of this type - aims to analyze the demographic profile, the trajectories of radicalization and the links with the Islamic State of the individuals who carried out jihadist attacks in Europe and North America from the proclamation of the so-called Caliphate in June 2014.

Terrorism --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Insurgency --- Political crimes and offenses --- Subversive activities --- Political violence --- Terror