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PEGylated Protein Drugs: Basic Science and Clinical Applications describes the basic technologies and the major results obtained with the PEGylation technique, the covalent binding to proteins, peptides and small organic molecules of the hydrophilic and biocompatible polymer poly(ethylene glycol) to improve their therapeutic efficacy. The book results from the collaboration of recognized experts from academia and industry, working on various aspects of the PEGylation technology. The first chapters provide general information on the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, immunogenic and toxicological properties of PEG and PEG-conjugates. The classical and more advanced chemical strategies for linking PEG to protein drugs are described as well as novel enzyme-catalysed approaches. Further chapters are devoted to important PEGylated products, namely PEG conjugates of enzymes, cytokines, antibodies or synthetic organic molecules already on the market or in an advanced state of clinical experimentation. Guidelines for the approval by the Health Agencies of these new nanomedicines are also reported as a last chapter. Therefore, this book may be a unique instrument for a thorough review of the strategy, advantages and limitations of all aspects of drug PEGylation as well as a stimulation for researchers to develop new exploitations of this technology. It is of interest to physicians, biochemists, pharmacologists and chemists.

Drugs --Design. --- Polyethylene glycol. --- Protein drugs. --- Polyethylene glycol --- Drugs --- Protein drugs --- Polyethylene Glycols --- Drug Carriers --- Proteins --- Dosage Forms --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Drug Delivery Systems --- Polymers --- Ethylene Glycols --- Pharmaceutical Preparations --- Drug Therapy --- Biomedical and Dental Materials --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Macromolecular Substances --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Glycols --- Therapeutics --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Manufactured Materials --- Alcohols --- Technology, Industry, and Agriculture --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Organic Chemicals --- Technology, Industry, Agriculture --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Biomedical Engineering --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Design --- Design. --- Protein pharmaceuticals --- Polyoxyethylene --- Drug design --- Pharmaceutical design --- Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Pharmacology. --- Biotechnology. --- Medicinal chemistry. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Ethylene glycols --- Polyols --- Drug development --- Toxicology. --- Biochemistry. --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Toxicology --- Composition --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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This volume is the first one in a collection connected to the PRIN project on Ruling in hard times. Patterns of Power and practices of government in the making of Carolingian Italy. Its focus lays on bishops and their networks of relationships in late-8th and 9th-century Italy. The episcopal contribution to the inclusion of the Lombard kingdom in the Carolingian social and political landscape is especially analyzed from the perspective of the cultural exchanges (of ideas, texts, and manuscripts) that bishops created or used to carry out their public and pastoral duties. Each paper focuses on a specific episcopal figure or area, reconstructing the scope and extent of the relationships of which they were the pivot. The aim is to provide as comprehensive a picture as possible of the cultural networks that crossed Carolingian Italy and the ways in which bishops shaped and made use of them.

Civilization, Medieval.

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This volume is the first one in a collection connected to the PRIN project on Ruling in hard times. Patterns of Power and practices of government in the making of Carolingian Italy. Its focus lays on bishops and their networks of relationships in late-8th and 9th-century Italy. The episcopal contribution to the inclusion of the Lombard kingdom in the Carolingian social and political landscape is especially analyzed from the perspective of the cultural exchanges (of ideas, texts, and manuscripts) that bishops created or used to carry out their public and pastoral duties. Each paper focuses on a specific episcopal figure or area, reconstructing the scope and extent of the relationships of which they were the pivot. The aim is to provide as comprehensive a picture as possible of the cultural networks that crossed Carolingian Italy and the ways in which bishops shaped and made use of them.

Civilization, Medieval.

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The analysis of the two versions of the life of Pope Sergius II (844-847) published by Louis Duchesne in his edition of the Liber pontificalis aims at identifying and discussing the tools developed by the Lateran to illustrate the relationship between the Apostolic See and Carolingian power at the time of the Emperor Lothair. I will first present the two versions of the life of Sergius and their circulation, then highlight the rhetorical strategies employed by the author to diminish the political significance of Louis II’s journey to Rome (844). Secondly, I will refer to the second part of the so-called Farnesianus version of the life of Sergius II. In this particular section, the author, before the incomplete report of the Saracen raid on the mouth of the Tiber and the sack of St. Peter's Basilica (846), critically describes the pontificate of Sergius II, dominated by the negative figure of the pontiff's brother, Benedict, who imposed his tyranny over Rome and its territory on behalf of the emperor (most likely as a missus on the imperial side). In this regard, it is interesting to evaluate which are the concealed arguments introduced here to represent the alleged effects of the application of the Constitutio Romana (824) on the socio-political structures of the city and on the history of the Roman Church, to offer a hypothesis on the context of the composition of this version of the life of Sergius II. In particular, I will dwell on the denouncing of the simoniacal heresy, shown to be have been triumphant during the pontificate of Sergius II, as sign of the re-emergence in Rome of a theme particularly strongly felt among the Carolingian reformers, and one which can perhaps be most associated with the pontificate of Sergius’ successor Leo IV (847-855).

History --- Middle Ages --- 9th century --- Carolingian Italy --- Rome --- Pope Sergius II --- Pope Leo IV --- Saracens --- Liber pontificalis --- Codex Farnesianus --- simony --- Middle Ages --- 9th century --- Carolingian Italy --- Rome --- Pope Sergius II --- Pope Leo IV --- Saracens --- Liber pontificalis --- Codex Farnesianus --- simony