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Case studies of 25 small defense suppliers in southern California were used to examine the hypothesis that such firms have been especially hard-hit by the Pentagon's budget cutbacks between 1989 and 1994. Research found that electronics and materials firms were generally more successful at making up lost revenue than were machine shops and aircraft parts firms. Most firms had downsized, but management believed that they could increase production to previous peak levels within a few months if necessary. Few firms had made use of federal defense conversion programs, but quite a few had received funds from the state of California to retrain workers.

Defense industries --- Defense contracts --- Economic conversion --- Military base conversion --- Aerospace industries --- Revenue --- California --- Economic conditions.

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Steadily increasing immigration to California over the past thirty years has profoundly affected the state. Some observers of these changes see the extreme diversity of California's population as the harbinger of where the nation is headed in the long term. Others see California as the symbol of a major backlash against immigrants and immigration. How has California benefited from immigration? What impact have immigrants had on the state's job market? How have they affected the demand for federal and state services? What has been their education and economic progress since their arrival? This book summarizes the findings of a comprehensive study fully documented in Immigration in a Changing Economy: California's Experience, by Kevin F. McCarthy and Georges Vernez. Using a question-and-answer framework, it discusses the impact immigration has had on the state's demography, economy, people, and institutions, drawing lessons for California's future as well as for other states and the nation.

Immigrants --- California --- Emigration and immigration.

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School management and organization --- Educational planning --- Education --- Social Sciences --- Theory & Practice of Education --- Statistics --- Educational administration --- Inspection of schools --- School administration --- School inspection --- School operation policies --- School organization --- Schools --- Inspection --- Management and organization --- Management --- Administration, Educational --- Operation policies, School --- Policies, School operation --- Organization

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Deals exclusively with federal policies and programs. There is a continuing and pervasive regional and suburban decentralization of population and employment accompanied by a convergence in per capita income among areas. Slow growth or decline has led to fiscal strains in some cities, necessitating either service cutbacks or increased taxes, or both. Federal policies on procurement, capital depreciation, and housing have generally reinforced regional and suburban decentralization. Primary influence is exercised not by the modest cluster of direct programs but by, e.g., federal purchase, tax expenditures, and regulatory policies. Direct programs have had only moderate effects on development. Large, multipurpose programs successfully address only one class of problem. They often fail to aid the economically disadvantaged. Four major policy issues deserve further analysis: job creation and worker mobility, fiscal assistance to local government, aid to specific places, and geographical considerations in policy formulation.

Urban economics. --- Federal-city relations --- Urban policy --- Economic assistance, Domestic

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In 1990, there were more than 2.3 million immigrant students in U.S. schools and colleges and that number has since increased. This study represents the first effort to systematically describe and analyze the educational experience and performance of immigrant students at all levels of schooling. The authors find that immigrant children are as likely as native-born children to be in primary and middle schools but are less likely to attend high school. Once in high school, however, they are more likely to take college preparatory courses and to attend college after they graduate. Hispanic immigrants are the least likely to attend high school and college, a finding consistent with differences among racial/ethnic groups for the native born as well. Because Hispanics are rapidly becoming the nation's largest minority, their level of education will strongly affect the quality of the future labor force and the demand for public services. The authors argue that this is cause for concern and suggest strategies for encouraging both immigrant and native-born Hispanics to get more schooling.

Children of immigrants --- Home and school --- Academic achievement --- High school students --- Education (Secondary) --- Education (Higher) --- Longitudinal studies.