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Education --- Educational change --- School improvement programs --- Improvement programs, School --- Instructional improvement programs --- Programs, School improvement --- School self-improvement programs --- School management and organization --- Change, Educational --- Education change --- Education reform --- Educational reform --- Reform, Education --- School reform --- Educational planning --- Educational innovations --- History.

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This monograph examines changes in the American public school population from 1900 to 2010. It shows how different historical periods have affected the composition of the student body and have posed important challenges to those involved in shaping educational policy. The author first develops an analytical framework that merges education and applied demography concepts. The education concepts include attendance, promotion, retention, high school graduation, and college enrollment. While, the applied demography concepts take into account size, distribution, and composition. He then applies this framework to the four most recent American historical periods: the Progressive Era, the Great Depression, the Post WWII Era, and the Post 1983 Era. Readers will come to understand the changing socio-demographic profile of American schools due to such factors as immigration from Europe, child labor laws, internal migration, greater fertility and the rise of t he Baby Boom generation, the changing status of women and minorities, the urban crises, rising social inequality, the 2008 recession, and globalization. Featuring both historical and current data, this volume clearly shows how demographic change affects the teaching and learning environment, education policy, funding, and school segregation. Overall, it offers insightful analysis that may help shape the future of American education. .

Social stratification --- Sociology of education --- Demography --- minderheden --- demografie --- sociale ongelijkheid --- onderwijssociologie --- anno 1800-1999 --- anno 2000-2009 --- anno 2010-2019 --- United States of America

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"BY MOST ACCOUNTS, EUROPE HAS BEEN MIRED IN A "DEMOGRAHIC CRISIS" SINCE ABOUT 1970. BY A DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IS MEANT THAT EUROPE'S DEPENDENCY RATIO IS INCREASING, THE NET RESULT HAS BEEN DECLINING POPULATIONS AND FEWER WORKERS TO SUSTAIN SOCIETY. HOWEVER, THERE ARE CERTAIN ISSUES THAT NEED ATTENTION. TWO TOPICS SEEM TO CAPTURE SOME OF THESE ISSUES: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE POSSIBLE CRISIS, AND THE CRISIS'S ASSESSMENT. THE PRESENT VOLUME IS ORGANIZED AROUND BOTH TOPICS (IMPLICATIONS AND ASSESSMENT). THERE ARE AT LEAST THREE CONTRIBUTIONS BEING MADE BY THE PROPOSED VOLUME. TO BEGIN WITH, WHILE THERE ARE OTHER ISSUES RELATED TO THE DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN EUROPE THE PRESENT VOLUME SHOULD MOTIVATE ADDITIONAL RESEARCH. SECONDLY, THE RESEARCH IN THE PROPOSED VOLUME DOES NOT NECESSARILY ASSUME THAT THERE IS A DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN EUROPE NOR THAT IT IS CONSISTENT ACROSS NATIONAL LILNES. THUS, EACH CHAPTER, IN ESSENCE, EXAMINES A DIFFERENT ISSUE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSAL THAT THERE IS A CRISIS. FINALLY, THE PRESENT VOLUME MAKES SEVERAL METHODOLOGICAL CONTRIBUTIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CHAPTER BY DAVID SWANSON USES BAYESIAN MODELING IN STUDYING INFANT MORTALITY. RICHARD VERDUGO EXAMINES THE DEPENDENCY RATIO AND SELECTED FACTORS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SELECTED EUROPEAN NATIONS, SAKKEUS AND COLLEAGUES LOOK AT THE IMPACT OF HISTORY AND CULTURE ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS, KPOSOWA AND EZZAT CONDUCT AN ASSESSMENT, MARTINS EXAMINES VARIATION IN THE PATH TOWARD A CRISIS, JOHNSON EXAMINES HUMANITARIAN MIGRATION AND THE CRISIS, EDMONSTON EXAMINES THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE CRISIS AND AGEING, AND DUMONT CONSIDERS THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GEOPOLITCS AND THE CRISIS"--

Population aging --- Economic development --- Europe --- Population --- Emigration and immigration.

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Hispanic Americans --- Labor market --- Employment.

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A volume in Cross National Research National identity has been the subject of much controversy and debate. Some have even suggested dropping the concept entirely. One group, Essentialists, argue that national identity is fixed, cultural, based on birth and ancestry. Another viewpoint is posited by Postmodernists who argue that national identity is malleable, invented or imagined. As alternatives, some have suggested that national identity is a hybrid of both Essentialist and Postmodernist views. And still others bypass this argument and suggest that national identity should be based on civic factors, such as shared values and norms about citizenship. While controversy and debate are healthy exercises in any science, at some point order must be established if science is to proceed. The present volume is based on the idea that national identity is an ideal-type concept; it does not completely capture reality, but is used for analytic purposes. In addition, rather than focusing on these theoretical debates, we pursue research with the idea that results from research will contribute to the field of national identity. Three areas of national identity are discussed: theoretical, national, and individual. Two chapters focus on the major theories about national identity, provide critiques, and make suggestions about the topic. In section two, six chapters provide case studies of national identity on Scotland, Ireland, Russia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Germany, and France. In section three, two case studies focus on immigrants and the challenges they face in forming their identities, especially identifying with their host countries-Belgium, and the United Kingdom. Several important conclusions may be gleaned from the contributions of the present volume. To begin with, while national identity is a slippery concept, if the field wishes to move beyond debate about fundamentals, it would be well advised to view the concept as an ideal-type as suggested by the great German scholar, Max Weber. Secondly, the case studies included in the present volume indicate that national identity is not only based on ethnicity and culture, but on such external factors as governance regimes and their changes, economic crises, wars and other forms of aggressive activity, and social demographic changes in a population. These factors affect a population at the national level. For immigrants at the individual level, developing national identity is greatly affected by four interrelated factors: 1) the degree to which they are accepted by members of the host society; 2) immigrants' language skills and physical appearances; 3) how well they are able to balance their host national identity, their ethnic identity, and acceptance of their native country; 4) and their generational status. Generally, at the national and individual levels, context and circumstances matter in developing national identity.

National characteristics --- Ethnopsychology. --- Ethnopsychology --- Cross-cultural psychology --- Ethnic groups --- Ethnic psychology --- Folk-psychology --- Indigenous peoples --- National psychology --- Psychological anthropology --- Psychology, Cross-cultural --- Psychology, Ethnic --- Psychology, National --- Psychology, Racial --- Race psychology --- Psychology --- Characteristics, National --- Identity, National --- Images, National --- National identity --- National images --- Anthropology --- Nationalism --- Social psychology --- Collective memory --- Exceptionalism --- Philosophy.