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According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host’s immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis. --- Tuberculosis --- Immunological aspects. --- Consumption (Disease) --- Lungs --- Phthisis --- Pulmonary tuberculosis --- TB (Disease) --- Chest --- Mycobacterial diseases --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- Koch bacillus --- Tubercle bacillus --- Mycobacterium --- Tuberculin --- Diseases --- Immunology. --- Emerging infectious diseases. --- Infectious Diseases. --- Emerging infections --- New infectious diseases --- Re-emerging infectious diseases --- Reemerging infectious diseases --- Communicable diseases --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Infectious diseases.

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According to the World Health Organization, approximately one third of the world’s population is latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb [LTBI]), of whom about 9 million have active tuberculosis (TB). It is estimated that approximately 2 million individuals die each year from active TB. An estimated 14.4% of these individuals have HIV and M. tb co-infection. TB has long been known to be one of the leading causes of death in HIV-infected individuals. Recent evidence now indicates that individuals with type 2 diabetes, the elderly, and chronic smokers are also increasingly susceptible to TB infection, the ability of their immune system to fight off active TB infection having been compromised by their condition. This book therefore aims to provide a detailed review of recent advances in the research that involves characterizing the host’s immune responses against TB infection in conditions such as HIV, diabetes, chronic cigarette smoking and aging, and strategies to restore favorable immune responses against this deadly pathogen.

Immunology. Immunopathology --- Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- immunologie --- besmettelijke ziekten

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TB is considered as one of the oldest documented infectious diseases in the world and is believed to be the leading cause of mortality due to a single infectious agent. Mtb, the causative agent responsible for TB, continues to afflict millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, one-third of the entire world's population has latent TB. Consequently, there has been a worldwide effort to eradicate and limit the spread of Mtb through the use of antibiotics. However, management of TB is becoming more challenging with the emergence of drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb. Furthermore, when administered, many of the anti-TB drugs commonly present severe complications and side effects. Novel approaches to enhance the host immune responses to completely eradicate Mtb infection are urgently needed. This Special Issue will therefore cover most recent advances in the area of host-directed therapies for TB.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- host-directed therapies --- immune responses --- tuberculosis --- lung cancer --- misdiagnosis --- invasive procedure --- revising --- antiplatelet --- aspirin --- immunomodulation --- survival --- Taiwan --- latent infection --- pulmonary --- rabbit --- iron supplementation --- pathology --- immune response --- gene expression --- Perls’ stain --- autophagy --- M. tb --- BCG vaccination --- immune exhaustion --- glutathione --- cytokines --- granulomas --- type 2 diabetes --- co-morbidities --- co-infections --- inflammation --- redox imbalance --- antioxidants --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- host-directed therapies --- immune responses --- tuberculosis --- lung cancer --- misdiagnosis --- invasive procedure --- revising --- antiplatelet --- aspirin --- immunomodulation --- survival --- Taiwan --- latent infection --- pulmonary --- rabbit --- iron supplementation --- pathology --- immune response --- gene expression --- Perls’ stain --- autophagy --- M. tb --- BCG vaccination --- immune exhaustion --- glutathione --- cytokines --- granulomas --- type 2 diabetes --- co-morbidities --- co-infections --- inflammation --- redox imbalance --- antioxidants