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Origin and Mineralogy of Clays, the first of two volumes, lays the groundwork for a thorough study of clays in the environment. The second volume will deal with environmental interaction. Going from soils to sediments to diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration, the book covers the whole spectrum of clays. The chapters on surface environments are of great relevance in regard to environmental problems in soils, rivers and lake-ocean situations, showing the greatest interaction between living species and the chemicals in their habitat. The book is of interest to scientists and students working on environmental issues.

Clay minerals --- Argile --- Minéraux argileux --- Clay minerals. --- Clay. --- Petrography and Mineralogy --- Petrography and Mineralogy. --- Minéraux argileux --- Clay --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Geology --- Environmental aspects. --- Environmental aspects --- Aspect de l'environnement

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Geophysics --- Rocks. Minerals --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Pedology --- bodemkunde --- mineralogie --- sedimenten --- sedimentatie --- bodembescherming --- geologie --- geofysica

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Of course such a book as we propose here is not the product of just two people working together, although the experience has been a great pleasure for us. We would like to thank our many collaborators and students who have encouraged our effort by their, often, sharp criticism. We hope that we have used their comments to good effect. Es- cially we would like to thank Pierre Barré for his help, enthusiasm and consent for the use of much of his thesis material in formulating the last chapter of the book. Dominique Righi was instrumental in giving us ideas, useful comments and vigorous debate for a great number of our ideas and during the periods of formulation of our conclusions. Our approach is from mineral chemistry and hence has greatly benefited from disc- sions with people who know soils and plants. The project of this book was realized and encouraged with the help of Wolfgang Engel who, unfortunately is not with us to see its finalization. We greatly regret his passing. This book is not in the general pattern of accepted knowledge and analysis of the phenomena which affect the occurrence of clays in the surface environment. We stress the role of plants at the bio-interface and the importance of microsystems at the water/ rock interface. We believe that the literature at our and anyone’s disposal shows that the system of clay formation and reaction is highly dynamic, especially at the surface.

Clay minerals. --- Soil chemistry. --- Soil formation. --- Formation, Soil --- Pedogenesis --- Soil genesis --- Soils --- Weathering --- Agricultural chemistry --- Geochemistry --- Minerals, Clay --- Rock-forming minerals --- Silicate minerals --- Formation --- Mineralogy. --- Geology. --- Soil conservation. --- Physical geography. --- Mineral resources. --- Geomorphology. --- Soil Science & Conservation. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Mineral Resources. --- Geography --- Conservation of soil --- Erosion control, Soil --- Soil erosion --- Soil erosion control --- Agricultural conservation --- Soil management --- Deposits, Mineral --- Mineral deposits --- Mineral resources --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Natural resources --- Geology, Economic --- Minerals --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Physical geology --- Crystallography --- Control --- Prevention --- Conservation --- Soil science. --- Geophysics. --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics --- Pedology (Soil science) --- Agriculture --- Geomorphic geology --- Physiography --- Physical geography --- Landforms --- soil genesis --- Mineralogy --- Clay --- plant soil relations --- Clay minerals --- Erosion. --- Erosion --- Weathering. --- Water-rock interaction. --- Plant-soil relationships. --- Geochemistry.

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The text which follows is based largely on the personal experience of the authors. The examples used which concern archaeological material, thin sections of sherds and many of the case studies are for the most part those which we have developed ourselves. This experience. may seem biased when one thinks of the large experience of petrographic archaeology, and this is surely true, but it is a reflection of our observations which are more complete for the objectives we have in mind than most of the examples given in the literature. For example, we have access to initial sherds, photo­ graphs, grain-size measurements and so forth for the same materials and we can present a specific archaeological context and problem using these data. Of course, there have been many studies on the same general subjects published elsewhere. As it turns out, our collective experience covers two of the major fields of investigation, the old (European) world and the new (American) one. It is evident that the problems are different in these two worlds. The contexts of production, distribution and use are different. The evolution of tech­ niques is very different although covering similar time periods. These two view points are complementary and, we hope, will enrich the investigative methods and outlook of workers in both cultural areas.

Archaeological chemistry --- Archeologie [Scheikunde in de ] --- Archeologie en scheikunde --- Archéologie [Chimie en ] --- Carvings [Rock ] --- Chemie in de archeologie --- Chemistry [Archaeological ] --- Chimie archeologique --- Chimie en archéologie --- Dessins rupestres --- Engravings [Rock ] --- Gravure pariétale --- Gravure préhistorique --- Gravure rupestre --- Gravure sur roche --- Gravures pariétales --- Gravures préhistoriques --- Gravures rupestres --- Gravures sur roche --- Pariétale [Gravure ] --- Petrogliefen --- Petroglyphs --- Pétroglyphes --- Pétroglyphes de la préhistoire --- Pétroglyphes préhistoriques --- Pétroglyphes--Préhistoire --- Rock carvings --- Rock engravings --- Rock inscriptions --- Rotstekeningen --- Rupestre [Gravure ] --- Scheikunde en archeologie --- Scheikunde in de archeologie --- Stone inscriptions --- Archaeological chemistry. --- Archeologie. --- Archäometrie. --- Chemische analyses. --- Chimie archéologique. --- Céramique --- Funde. --- Keramiek. --- Keramik. --- Petroglyphs. --- Pottery --- Pétroglyphes. --- Analyse. --- Analysis. --- Analysis --- Pottery - Analysis. --- Anthropology. --- Human beings

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This book introduces students in archaeology and others interested to the materials that form ancient ceramics. It focuses on the nature of these materials, the minerals, rocks, clays, and ways they have been modified for the production of ceramics. The study of the use of the ceramic materials by potters through the ages allows us a better understanding of the potter's behavior and the influences on his or her craft. The book details clay, mineral and rock formations, basic geology principles, types of analyses conducted to study raw materials, and the different processes involved in making pottery. It describes the different attributes of a ceramic paste, and the different scales one can look at it. This book is conceived as an introduction to the origin of the materials which form ceramics in an archaeological context, their selection and use by potters.

Ceramics --- Archaeology --- Pottery, Prehistoric --- Archaeological chemistry --- Petrology in archaeology --- Analysis --- Methodology