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This paper studies the trading behavior and performance of foreign investors with different management styles. The analysis uses a comprehensive Colombian data with complete transaction records and unique investor identification, and finds that the aggregate under-performance of foreign investors is attributable to foreign passive funds, that is, those that replicate a benchmark index. These funds pay higher prices to increase the speed of their trades to accommodate daily flows proportionally to their index before market closing. Passive funds face higher transaction costs on days when they trade multiple stocks in the same direction, buy (sell) the same stock multiple times, and make large trades near the daily closing time. Meanwhile, foreign active funds trade at more favorable prices and display higher risk-adjusted returns than any other investor group, including domestic funds with similar active management. The findings highlight the potential costs of index investing in developing countries or in securities with low trading activity (small stocks).

Foreign Investors --- Index Funds --- Performance --- Transactional Data

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Multinational enterprises (MNEs) increasingly impose "Responsible Sourcing" (RS) standards on their suppliers worldwide, including requirements on worker compensation, benefits and working conditions. Are these policies just "hot air" or do they impact exposed suppliers and their workers? What is the welfare incidence of RS in sourcing countries? To answer these questions, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium (GE) model of RS and combine it with a unique new database. In the theory, we show that the welfare implications of RS are ambiguous, depending on an interplay between what is akin to an export tax (+) and a labor market distortion (-). Empirically, we combine the near-universe of RS rollouts by MNE subsidiaries in Costa Rica since 2009 with firm-to-firm transactions and matched employer-employee microdata. We find that RS rollouts lead to significant reductions in firm sales and employment at exposed suppliers, an increase in their salaries to initially low-wage workers and a reduction in their low-wage employment share. We then use the estimated effects and the microdata to calibrate the model and quantify GE counterfactuals. We find that while MNE RS policies have led to significant gains among the roughly one third of low-wage workers employed at exposed suppliers ex ante, the majority of low-wage workers lose due to adverse indirect effects on their wages and the domestic price index.