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Dissertation
Postoperative radiograph of the hip arthroplasty: what the radiologist should know

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Abstract

This pictorial review aims to provide the radiologist with simple and systematic guidelines for the radiographic evaluation of a hip prosthesis. Currently, there is a plethora of commercially available arthroplasties, making postoperative analysis not always straightforward. Knowledge of the different types of hip arthroplasty and fixating techniques is a prerequisite for correct imaging interpretation. After identification of the type of arthroplasty, meticulous and systematic analysis of the following parameters on an anteroposterior standing pelvic radiograph should be undertaken: leg length, vertical and horizontal centre of rotation, lateral acetabular inclination, and femoral stem positioning. Additional orthogonal views may be useful to evaluate acetabular anteversion. Complications can be classified in three major groups: periprosthetic lucencies, sclerosis or bone proliferation, and component failure or fracture.

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Dissertation
SAPHO syndrome: a heterogeneous disease with characteristic clinical and radiological features
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Introduction The SAPHO syndrome (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis and osteitis) is a rare chronic rheumatic disease which is characterized by chronic inflammatory osteoarticular manifestations in combination with cutaneous lesions. It is a highly heterogeneous disease; the symptoms are variable and they do not always occur synchronously. Due to this, the diagnosis can be challenging and delayed. The first purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on clinical and radiological manifestations and the different treatment options for SAPHO syndrome. The second purpose is to create and enhance awareness for this rare and underdiagnosed condition. Methods Using three medical databases (Medline, Embase and Cochrane) a literature search on the SAPHO syndrome was performed and a review on current knowledge was made. Results The two main clinical features of the SAPHO syndrome consist of osteoarticular and cutaneous manifestations. The most common osteoarticular affected sites in adults are the anterior chest wall, the spine and the sacroiliac joints. The typical skin lesions found in SAPHO patients are palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) and severe acne. Infectious, immunological and genetic components have been proposed to contribute to the development of the disease, but the exact pathophysiology is still unclear. Imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis of SAPHO syndrome and different imaging modalities can be used. The clinical course is marked by recurrent episodes of relapse and remission. Despite the rather good prognosis of the SAPHO syndrome, this disease and especially the associated pain, has a great influence on the quality of life of these patients. Conclusion Due to the heterogeneity, SAPHO syndrome is frequently underdiagnosed and misdiagnosed, causing delay in diagnosis and treatment. In order to facilitate an early diagnosis a multidisciplinary (rheumatologist, dermatologist, radiologist) approach is required. The diagnosis is straightforward when there is involvement of the axial skeleton (anterior chest wall, spine) and when the osteoarticular manifestations are associated with typical skin lesions, but if the presentation is atypical the diagnosis may be more challenging.

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Dissertation
Therapy Monitoring of Bone Metastases in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with VEGFR-TKIs: Added Value of Whole-Body MR Diffusion Weighted Imaging

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Background: The aims of this research project were to determine the added value of whole-body MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (WB-MR DWI) in detection and response characterization of bone metastases in metastastic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), compare the efficacy of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) on bone metastases versus extraosseus disease, evaluate the predictive value of early WB-MR DWI at 2 weeks, and evaluate the effects of bone resorption inhibitors (BRIs) and radiation therapy on bone metastasis response classification. Patients and methods: Between December 2011 and October 2017, 79 patients with histologically proven mRCC and who started VEGFR-TKI therapy were included. All patients received baseline CT and WB-MR DWI examinations, and patients with bone metastases received additional follow-up WB-MR DWI examinations. Response of bone metastases was characterized by two methods on WB-MR DWI (“bone-RECIST” and “histogram”), while response of extraosseus disease was characterized on CT according to RECIST 1.1. For each patient and lesion, use of BRIs and radiation therapy was noted. Results: WB-MRI DWI detected significantly more bone metastases than CT (p < 0.0001). The classification methods used showed poor agreement (Kappa = 0.06), but results from “histogram” method were in line with previous literature studies. Bone metastases showed more progressive disease than extraosseus disease when classified by the “histogram” method (p < 0.0001). Response classification on WB-MR DWI two weeks after baseline did not correlate well with response classification at 10 weeks. Use of BRIs had no significant effect on response classification. Irradiated lesions showed a significantly higher mean ADC (p < 0.0001), but no significant effect was found on response classification. Conclusion: WB-MR DWI has additional value in mRCC by detecting more bone metastases than CT and by allowing a better response evaluation of bone metastases, which is especially helpful in patients without extraosseus disease.

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Dissertation
De pijnlijke knie: Welke beeldvorming is nuttig?

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Knieklachten komen frequent voor en zijn na rug- en nekklachten de meest voorkomende klachten van het bewegingsstelsel waarvoor patiënten hun huisarts consulteren. In de onderzochte praktijk was er een vermoeden dat er vaak voor beeldvorming gekozen werd en in het bijzonder voor nucleaire magnetische resonantie (NMR). Onderzoeksvragen: Hoofdvraag: Kan een flowchart het voorschrijfgedrag voor beeldvorming bij knieproblemen verbeteren in de huisartsenpraktijk? Bijvragen: • Op basis van welke elementen uit anamnese en klinisch onderzoek dient beeldvorming of een verwijzing aangevraagd te worden? • Wordt er een verschil gevonden voor traumatische en niet-traumatische aandoeningen? • Wordt er zuiniger omgesprongen met het aanvragen van NMR-onderzoek? Methode: Het praktijkverbeterend onderzoek vond plaats in huisartsenpraktijk ‘Maesveld’ in Hamont. Op basis van literatuurstudie richtlijnen voor huisartsen werd een flowchart ontwikkeld die bruikbaar is tijdens het consultatievoeren. Er werd een flowchart voor traumatische knieproblemen ontwikkeld en een flowchart voor niet-traumatische knieproblemen. Beide gaan uit van elementen uit anamnese en klinisch onderzoek en geven aan wanneer beeldvorming of een verwijzing dient aangevraagd te worden. Er vond een voormeting plaats over een periode van 3 maanden en na het introduceren een nameting over een gelijkaardige periode. De data van beide periodes werden geanalyseerd, vergeleken met de richtlijnen van de flowcharts en met elkaar vergeleken. Resultaten: In de voormeting werden er 91 consultaties geregistreerd, in 27 consultaties ging het om traumatische knieklachten en in 64 consultaties om niet-traumatische klachten. In het algemeen betrof het correct voorschrijfgedrag 65,9%, voor de traumatische knieklachten 62,9% en voor de niet-traumatische knieklachten 67,2%. Tijdens het gebruik van de flowcharts werden er in de nameting 64 consultaties geregistreerd waarvan 14 traumatisch en 50 niet-traumatisch. Het algemeen correct voorschrijfgedrag steeg van 65,9% naar 76,6%. Voor traumatische knieklachten zakt het correct voorschrijfgedrag lichtjes van 62,9% naar 57,1%. Voor niet-traumatische klachten steeg dit percentage naar 82%. Geen van deze verschillen is significant. Conclusie: Er was geen significant verschil in voorschrijfgedrag voor beeldvorming voor knieproblemen na het introduceren van de flowchart, al was er wel een trend naar de juiste richting. Ook voor de consultaties traumatische knieklachten en niet-traumatische knieklachten apart was er geen significant verschil. De korte observatieduur is hiervoor mogelijks verantwoordelijk. Uit de literatuurstudie blijkt dat er weinig indicaties zijn voor het aanvragen van beeldvorming voor knieproblemen door de huisarts. Na een trauma zijn positieve Ottawa knee rules de enige reden voor het aanvragen een röntgenonderzoek. Onmiddellijke verwijzing is aanbevolen bij een acute slotstand en ingeval van aanhoudende klachten bij een intra-articulair probleem. In geval van niet-traumatische knieklachten is beeldvorming nooit aanbevolen. Hier is de taak van de huisarts bedacht zijn op enkele alarmsymptomen waarvoor verwijzing nodig is.

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Dissertation
Whole body MRI in ankylosing spondylitis

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Abstract Objective: To define and validate new set of criteria for differentiating inflammatory back pain from mechanical lower back pain, by providing objective evidence of currently active inflammatory back pain in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, based on imaging data alone or in combination with laboratory results. Material and methods: We retrospectively assessed the whole body mri scans of 86 patients, previously diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. The scans were scored by 2 readers for bone marrow edema at specific locations in axial and peripheral skeleton. The results could then be compared with clinical symptoms in order to distill candidate criteria, which could be validated in following studies Results: Inter‐reader intraclass correlation coefficients were very low (0.13), hence we couldn’t go through with further analysis of the data. Conclusion: Unfortunately due to the high inter‐observer variability we weren’t able to identify any candidate criteria, which could later on be validated in larger studies. The inconsistency of the reader’s measurements were attributed to the difference in experience

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Dissertation
Three-dimensional printing as an ancillary educational tool in medicine

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Introduction: Full understanding of human anatomy and surgical procedures is essential in order to provide optimal healthcare. Despite the many educational tools that are available today, there are still some limitations. The goal of this study is to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) printing as an educational tool in medicine and discuss current limitations and future perspectives. Methods: An exploratory survey on current educational methods was conducted among Belgian students using multiple choice, Likert-scale and open questions. Furthermore, a literature review was performed on the use of 3D printing for general medical education, simulation training and patient education using the MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Results: Only 73 of 488 survey respondents (15%) reported to have used 3D printing at least once for learning human anatomy. However, they did agree that specific 3D printed objects have more value than 2D images (3.89 ± 0.91 on a 5-point Likert scale) and 318 of 485 respondents (66%) agreed or strongly agreed that they would frequently use it when available. 33 unique studies were found eligible for qualitative synthesis. Discussion: The exploratory survey suggests an appreciation of 3D printing. Current literature reports that 3D printed models have significantly more value than traditional educational tools such as images or diagrams. However, no superiority over 3D virtual models has yet been reported and the unique value of other methods (i.e. cadaver dissections) remains unparalleled. Nevertheless, in our opinion 3D printing will be an invaluable ancillary educational tool in the field of medicine as technology further advances.

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Dissertation
WHAT SHOULD BE MENTIONED IN THE REPORT OF A POST-TRAUMATIC CT SHOULDER?

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Proximal humerus fractures (PHFs) are the third most common fractures in patients older than 65. 80% of all PHFs can be treated conservatively. Operative treatment is indicated for the remaining 20% with a wide range of management options (closed reduction, intramedullary nailing, ORIF, arthroplasty,…). At this moment, there is a lack of universal radiological reports for PHFs. We tried to identify features radiologists should mention when reporting a posttraumatic computer tomography (CT) of the shoulder and if possible to standardize these reports. We focused on the identification of radiological findings, essential and useful for surgeons regarding management, decision and prognosis. Roughly speaking we studied two categories of features. First of all, the two main classifications for PHFs (AO and Neer) are shortly explained and compared, especially as to inter- and intra-observer reliability. Some less-used systems (e.g. HGLS and Resch) are also mentioned but were not taken into comparison due to their sporadic usage. Secondly prognostic factors regarding failure and re-operation are discussed. It concerns factors both prior to and after surgery. In the end we propose a standard risk sheet template that should be helpful for the surgeon in treating proximal humerus fractures.

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Dissertation
Standardisation of torsional measurements of the lower limbs and a novel 3D-measurement method of femoral torsion.

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Objective Torsional measurements of the lower limbs, i.e. femoral and tibial torsion, are important in maltorsion assessment and the indication for a corrective osteotomy, with a reported threshold value of 15° side-to-side difference. CT is the current gold standard. Determination of the femoral neck axis is the most challenging part of femoral torsion measurement with various reported methods and significant inter- and intra-observer reliability. Literature review reveils an inconsistent range of tabulated standard torsion values. For the purpose of uniformity and standardisation, we wanted to review the current literature in torsional measurements using CT and 3D techniques, re-evaluate the standard values in a normal healthy population, and determine the normal intra-individual side-to-side difference in healthy lower limbs. Novel 3D techniques attempt to define a gold standard, which often still remains experimental. We wanted to develop and validate a novel three-dimensional method for femoral torsion, test this in in vivo patients, and compare this to the conventional Hernandez and Weiner methods. Materials and methods A retrospective search with exclusion criteria on angiographic CT scans of the lower limbs resulted in a study sample of 55 patients without torsional abnormalities. We measured the rotational profile of 104 femora using the Hernandez and Weiner methods for femoral torsion, and 98 tibiae using the bimalleolar method for tibial torsion. We determined the intra-individual side-to-side difference in paired femora and tibiae. An intuitive three-dimensional (3D) technique for femoral torsion assessment using InSpace® was developed and validated. Among this dataset, we randomly selected 10 patients for 3D measurements and correlation with CT results. Results Our CT and 3D results show mean femoral torsion values of 4°-7°, lower compared to the current literature. The Hernandez method is more variable than the Weiner method. No significant side-to-side femoral torsion difference was observed. The 3D study population was too small for significant comparison results with CT. Mean tibial torsion values were 25.4° (left) and 27.9° (right), with a 5.9° intra-individual side-to-side difference and a significant greater torsion of 2.89° in right tibiae. The threshold maximum value for side-to-side difference for femoral and tibial torsion is 15°. Conclusion Torsional measurements require standardization to optimise inter- and intra-observer reliability. The Weiner method is less variable than the Hernandez method and femoral torsion values were lower than previously reported. Mean side-to-side difference for femora and tibiae is 5°-6° and a side-to-side difference greater than 15° represents an indication for derotational osteotomy. Our novel 3D method is a valid experimental technique for femoral torsion measurement. Keywords Femoral torsion, Anteversion, Hernandez, Weiner, Tibial torsion, Computed tomography, Reliability, Side-to-side difference, Three-dimensional.

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