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If not addressed in time, climate change is expected to exacerbate Nigeria’s currentvulnerability to weather swings and limit its ability to achieve and sustain the objectivesof Vision 20:2020 [as defined in http://www.npc.gov.ng /home/doc.aspx?mCatID=68253].The likely impacts include:• A long-term reduction in crop yields of 20-30 percent• Declining productivity of livestock, with adverse consequences on livelihoods• Increase in food imports (up to 40 percent for rice long term)• Worsening prospects for food security, particularly in the north and the southwest• A long-term decline in GDP of up to 4.5 percentThe impacts may be worse if the economy diversifies away from agriculture more slowlythan Vision 20:2020 anticipates, or if there is too little irrigation to counter the effects ofrising temperatures on rain-fed yields. Equally important, investment decisions made on the basis of historical climate may bewrong: projects ignoring climate change might be either under- or over-designed, withlosses (in terms of excess capital costs or foregone revenues) of 20-40 percent of initialcapital in the case of irrigation or hydropower.Fortunately, there is a range of technological and management options that make sense,both to better handle current climate variability and to build resilience against a harsherclimate:• By 2020 sustainable land management practices applied to 1 million hectares can offsetmost of the expected shorter-term yield decline; gradual extension of these practices to50 percent of cropland, possibly combined with extra irrigation, can also counter-balancelonger-term climate change impacts.• Climate-smart planning and design of irrigation and hydropower can more than halvethe risks and related costs of making the wrong investment decision.The Federal Government could consider 10 short-term priority responses to buildresilience to both current climate variability and future change through actions toimprove climate governance across sectors, research and extension in agriculture,hydro-meteorological systems; integration of climate factors into the design of irrigationand hydropower projects, and mainstreaming climate concerns into priority programs,such as the Agriculture Transformation Agenda.

Sustainable development --- Climatic changes --- Crops and climate --- Economic aspects --- Agricultural climatology --- Agriculture --- Agroclimatology --- Climate and crops --- Crop micrometeorology --- Crops --- Plant biometeorology --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatic factors --- Environmental aspects --- Agricultural ecology --- Bioclimatology --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change

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This book provides multidisciplinary approaches to smart and sustainable urban ecosystems. Urbanization is a global tendency, and up to 70% of the world population is projected to live in cities by 2050. How will this rapid urbanization alter the face of the world? What are the environmental consequences of megacities’ expansion? What are smart solutions to make life in cities safe, comfortable, and environmentally friendly? These and other important questions are addressed by the conference Smart and Sustainable Cities (SSC). This year’s theme for the conference will be « Sustainable urban ecosystems: challenges and solutions». Megapolises are complex ecosystems. Air and water quality, vegetation, and soils in megapolises are exposed to anthropogenic influence. Studying negative environmental consequences of the anthropogenic and technogenic pressures is among the key tasks of urban ecology and environmental impact assessment. Advanced approaches and smart technologies to monitor, model, and assess environmental consequences and risks in megapolises will be widely discussed at the conference. Searching for solutions of the environmental problems of modern megapolises will be the key point of the conference. Successful experiences of sustainable urban development and nature-based solutions to support climate adaptation, carbon neutrality, and human health will be presented in the conference proceedings.

Sustainability. --- Urban ecology (Biology). --- Human geography. --- Environmental geography. --- Urban policy. --- Urban Ecology. --- Human Geography. --- Integrated Geography. --- Urban Policy. --- City planning --- Megacities --- Smart cities --- Environmental aspects

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forests --- carbon dioxide --- Respiration --- Photosynthesis --- ecosystems --- Relation plante atmosphere --- Europe

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Climatic change --- production factors --- Europe