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This Book includes selected papers that has been published in the Water journal Special Issue (SI) on Water Supply and Water Scarcity. Moreover, an overview of the SI is included. The papers selected for publication in the SI include review and research papers on water history, on water management issues under water scarcity regimes, on rainwater harvesting, on water quality and degradation, and on climatic variability impacts on water resources. Overall, the issue identify and highlight the main challenges in water sector, and particularly in management and protection of water resources and in use of alternative (non-conventional) water resources, especially in areas with demographic change and climate vulnerability in order to achieve sustainable and secure water supply. Furthermore, general guidelines and possible solutions for an improved and sophisticated water management system are proposed and discussed, such as the adoption of advanced technological solutions and practices that improve water-use efficiency and the use of alternative water resources, to address the growing environmental and health issues and to reduce the emerging conflicts among water users.

drought --- early warning --- water scarcity --- water supply --- routine monitoring --- hydrologic modeling --- remote sensing --- GIS --- alternative water source --- rainwater harvesting --- arid and semi-arid areas --- hydraulics --- dividing flow manifold --- showerheads --- sprays --- dissolved oxygen --- climate change --- water budget --- general circulation model --- modeling --- stream flow changes --- soil water --- RCP --- Aculeo Lagoon --- Chile --- water demands --- water management --- rainwater harvesting system --- multi-storey residential building --- end-uses --- economic feasibility --- satisfaction survey --- ecological water demand --- reservoir ecological operation --- MIKE 11 model --- PHABSIM model --- watershed management --- water quality --- conventional farming --- organic farming --- nitrate --- residual sodium carbonate --- sodium adsorption ratio --- total dissolved solids --- irrigation practices --- Aztecs --- bronze age --- Byzantine times --- Chinese dynasties --- Egyptians --- Harappans --- Hellenic civilizations --- Incas --- medieval times --- Mayas --- Mesopotamia --- Minoans --- modern times --- Ottoman times --- Romans --- n/a --- water resources management --- water reuse --- climate variability --- circular economy --- sustainability --- long-term --- regional water supply planning --- alternative water supply --- projects --- expenditures --- investments --- conservation --- intermittent water supply --- pressure monitoring --- unreliable water supply --- pipe breaks --- water distribution system --- water system operation --- water scarcity regime --- water use efficiency --- rain harvesting --- desalination