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Mali is extremely vulnerable to climate change and the country is already facing acute climate-related challenges from higher temperatures and more frequent extreme weather events. The impact of climate change has also contributed to a rise in food insecurity, with almost a quarter of the population expected to be either facing food insecurity or at risk of doing so by mid-2023. That is already having a hugely damaging effect on Mali’s economy and action is needed without delay to avoid a further increase in food insecurity.

Agricultural Policy --- Agriculture & Food Policy --- Climate change --- Climate --- Climatic changes --- Demographic Economics: General --- Demography --- Economic Development: Agriculture --- Energy --- Environment --- Environmental Economics --- Food Policy --- Food security --- Global Warming --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Natural Disasters --- Natural disasters --- Natural Resources --- Other Primary Products --- Population & demography --- Population and demographics --- Population --- Poverty & precarity --- Poverty --- R&D, Agricultural Technology, Biofuels, Agricultural Extension Services --- Mali

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Stock-flow adjustments—extra-budgetary and below-the-line operations that do not reflect standard spending and revenue—have added 9 percentage points to the debt-to-GDP ratio in Mali over the past decade. That is just under a third of the total increase in public debt over that period. Despite their importance, there is little understanding of the causes of stock-flow adjustments. A number of actions could be taken to either reduce the occurrence of stock-flow adjustments or to increase transparency and monitoring which would assist fiscal policy decision-making.

Central Banks and Their Policies --- Debt Management --- Debt sustainability analysis --- Debt --- Debts, External --- Debts, Public --- Deflation --- Exports and Imports --- External debt --- Fiscal Policy --- Fiscal policy --- Government debt management --- Inflation --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International economics --- International institutions --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Macroeconomics --- Monetary economics --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary policy --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation --- Public debt --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Sovereign Debt --- Mali