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Immunology is an all important science, addressing, as it does the most pressing medical needs of our time: infectious disease and transplantation medicine. It has given us vaccines on the one hand and therapeutic antibodies on the other. After a century of empirical research, it is now poised to finally reinvent itself as a quantitative, genome-based science. Like most biological disciplines, immunology must capitalize on the potentially overwhelming deluge of new data delivered by post-genomic, high throughput technologies; data which is both bewilderingly complex and delivered on a hitherto unimaginable scale. Theoretical immunology is the application of mathematical modeling to diverse aspects of immunology ranging from T cell selection in the Thymus to the epidemiology of vaccination. Immunoinformatics, the application of computational informatics to the study of immunological macromolecules, addresses important questions in immunobiology and vaccinology. Immunoinformatics, addresses issues of data management, and has the ability to design and implement efficient new experimental strategies. Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) is an area of computer science which uses ideas and concepts from immunology to guide and inspire new algorithms, data structures, and software development. The influence of AIS is now becoming highly synergistic through its interaction with immunoinformatics. These three different disciplines are now poised to engineer a paradigm shift from hypothesis- to data-driven research, with new understanding emerging from the analysis of complex datasets: theoretical immunology, immunoinformatics, and Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). "in silico Immunology" is a book for the future: it will summarize these emergent disciplines and, while focusing on cutting edge developments, will address the issue of synergy as it shows how these three are set to transform immunological science and the future of health care.

Medicine. --- Immunology. --- Proteomics. --- Bioinformatics. --- Microbial genetics. --- Microbial genomics. --- Biomathematics. --- Biomedicine. --- Microbial Genetics and Genomics. --- Physiological, Cellular and Medical Topics. --- Mathematical and Computational Biology. --- Biology --- Mathematics --- Genomics --- Microbial genetics --- Microorganisms --- Genetics --- Microbiology --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Molecular biology --- Proteins --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Data processing --- Immunoinformatics. --- Immunocomputers. --- AISs (Artificial immune systems) --- IC (Computer science) --- Immunocomputers --- Immunocomputing --- Natural computation --- Immune system --- Computational immunology --- Immunological informatics --- Bioinformatics --- Immunology --- Computer simulation --- Physiology --- Mathematics. --- Animal physiology --- Animals --- Anatomy --- Artificial immune systems.

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Recent empirical work suggests that there are large agglomeration gains from working and living in developing country cities. These estimates find that doubling city size is associated with an increase in productivity by 19 percent in China, 12 percent in India, and 17 percent in Africa. These agglomeration benefits are considerably higher relative to developed country cities, which are in the range of 4 to 6 percent. However, many developing country cities are costly, crowded, and disconnected, and face slow structural transformation. To understand the true productivity advantages of cities in developing countries, this paper systematically evaluates more than 1,200 elasticity estimates from 70 studies in 33 countries. Using a frontier methodology for conducting meta-analysis, it finds that the elasticity estimates in developing countries are at most 1 percentage point higher than in advanced economies, but not significantly so. The paper provides novel estimates of the elasticity of pollution, homicide, and congestion, using a large sample of developing and developed country cities. No evidence is found for productivity gains in light of the high and increasing costs of working in developing country cities.

Agglomeration Economies --- Labor Markets --- Meta-Analysis --- Productivity --- Social Protections and Labor --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development

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Arti?cial Immune Systems have come of age. They are no longer an obscure computersciencetechnique,workedonbyacoupleoffarsightedresearchgroups. Today, researchers across the globe are working on new computer algorithms inspired by the workings of the immune system. This vigorous ?eld of research investigates how immunobiology can assist our technology, and along the way is beginning to help biologists understand their unique problems. AIS is now old enough to understand its roots, its context in the research community, and its exciting future. It has grown too big to be con?ned to s- cial sessions in evolutionary computation conferences. AIS researchers are now forming their own community and identity. The International Conference on Arti?cial Immune Systems is proud to be the premiere conference in the area. As its organizers, we were honored to have such a variety of innovative and original scienti?c papers presented this year. ICARIS 2004 was the third international conference dedicated entirely to the ?eld of Arti?cial Immune Systems (AIS). It was held in Catania, on the beautiful island of Sicily, Italy, during September 13–16, 2004. While hosting the conference, the city of Catania gave the participants the opportunity to enjoy the richness of its historical and cultural atmosphere and the beauty of its natural resources, the sea, and the Etna volcano.

Computer science. --- Computer software. --- Database management. --- Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Bioinformatics. --- Computer Science. --- Computation by Abstract Devices. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Database Management. --- Information Storage and Retrieval. --- Artificial immune systems --- Artificial intelligence --- Immune system --- Models, Biological --- Computing Methodologies --- Hemic and Immune Systems --- Models, Theoretical --- Anatomy --- Information Science --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Computer Simulation --- Immune System --- Artificial Intelligence --- Models, Immunological --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Computer simulation --- Immunological system --- AISs (Artificial immune systems) --- IC (Computer science) --- Immunocomputers --- Immunocomputing --- Computers. --- Algorithms. --- Information storage and retrieval. --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Biology --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Data base management --- Data services (Database management) --- Database management services --- DBMS (Computer science) --- Generalized data management systems --- Services, Database management --- Systems, Database management --- Systems, Generalized database management --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Foundations --- Immunology --- Natural computation --- Information storage and retrieva. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Software, Computer --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- Information retrieval

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The 9th International Conference on Unconventional Computation, UC 2010, was organized under the auspices of EATCS and Academia Europaea, by the University of Tokyo (Tokyo, Japan), and the Center for Discrete Mathematics and Theoretical Computer Science (Auckland, New Zealand). It was held in Tokyoduring June 21-25,2010(seehttp://arn.local.frs.riken.jp/UC10/). The venue was the Sanjo (Hilltop) Conference Hall at Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. Hongo Campus was formerly the residence of the Maeda family, one of the richest feudal lords in the Edo period of Japan. The Japanese garden in the residence is partially preserved, including the pond and the hill on which the conference hall is located. Within walking distance from Hongo Campus are Ueno park with many museums, the Akihabara area, which is now the center of Japanesepop culture, and the Korakuenamusement park/baseball stadium. The International Conference on Unconventional Computation (UC) series (seehttp://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/conferences/uc/)isdevotedto all aspects of unconventional computation theory as well as experiments and applications. Typical, but not exclusive, topics are: natural computing including quantum, cellular, molecular, membrane, neural, and evolutionary computing, as well as chaos and dynamical system-based computing, and various proposals for computational mechanisms that go beyond the Turing model.

Mathematical logic --- Complex analysis --- Biology --- Computer science --- Programming --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- complexe analyse (wiskunde) --- biologie --- computers --- programmeren (informatica) --- wiskunde --- algoritmen --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- logica --- AI (artificiële intelligentie)