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Nutritionary hygiene. Diet --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Third World: agricultural and food problems --- Developing countries --- Pays en développement --- Céréale --- Cereals --- Prix à la production --- Producer prices --- Prix à la consommation --- Consumer prices --- Formation des prix --- Price formation --- Politique des prix --- Price policies --- Stabilisation du marché --- Market stabilization --- Sécurité alimentaire --- food security --- Asie --- Asia --- Food prices --- -Grain --- -Grain trade --- -Price maintenance --- -Fair trade --- Maintenance of prices --- Price fixing, Resale --- Price stabilization, Industrial --- Resale price fixing --- Resale price maintenance --- Price fixing --- Produce trade --- Breadstuffs --- Cereal grains --- Grains --- Botany, Economic --- Field crops --- Flour --- Food --- Food crops --- Seed crops --- Agricultural prices --- Food industry and trade --- Prices --- -Prices --- Grain trade --- Grain --- Price maintenance --- -Food prices --- Fair trade --- Developing countries: agricultural and food problems

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Countries generally tax the forestry sector to achieve the twin objectives of revenue maximization and sustainability of logging levels. In an ideal world of perfect markets and information, auctions would be the best instrument to determine the price of extraction rights. However, a number of factors-including a lack of information on the forest resources under consideration, uncertainties as to the stability of property rights over time, and a lack of access to credit-have limited the use of auctions so far, particularly in low-income countries. To establish transparency of the forestry sector's financial flows, this paper discusses a radical simplification of Liberia's current timber tax structure, including a proposal to reduce the sector's current tax system to two instruments, an area tax and an export tax.

Electronic books. -- local. --- Forest products -- Taxation -- Liberia. --- Forests and forestry -- Taxation -- Liberia. --- Taxation -- Liberia. --- Exports and Imports --- Taxation --- Agribusiness --- Natural Resources --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Renewable Resources and Conservation: Forestry --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- Agricultural Markets and Marketing --- Cooperatives --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Agriculture, agribusiness & food production industries --- Public finance & taxation --- Environmental management --- International economics --- Forestry industry --- Agroindustries --- Tax incentives --- Natural resources --- Tariffs --- Exports --- Economic sectors --- Environment --- Taxes --- International trade --- Forestry tax --- Agricultural industries --- Tariff --- Forests and forestry --- Liberia --- Forest products

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This paper documents the two debt restructurings that Grenada undertook in 2004–06 and 2013–15.Both restructurings emerged as a consequence of weak fiscal and debt situations, whichbecame unsustainable soon after external shocks hit the island economy. The two restructurings provided liquidity relief, with the second one involving a principal haircut. However, the first restructuring was not able to secure long-term debt sustainability. Grenada’s restructuring experience shows the importance of (1) establishing appropriate debt restructuring objectives; (2) committing to policy reforms and maintaining ownership of the restructuring goals; and (3) engaging closely and having clear communications with creditors.

Debts, External --- Debts, Foreign --- Debts, International --- External debts --- Foreign debts --- International debts --- Debt --- International finance --- Investments, Foreign --- Management. --- Exports and Imports --- Financial Risk Management --- Investments: Bonds --- Public Finance --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International Financial Markets --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Finance --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Debt restructuring --- Bonds --- Public debt --- Sovereign debt restructuring --- Debt service --- Asset and liability management --- Financial institutions --- Debt sustainability --- External debt --- Debts, Public --- Grenada

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Weighed down by population aging, slow economic growth, and high unemployment, National Insurance Schemes in the Caribbean are projected to run substantial deficits and deplete their assets in the next decades, raising the prospects of government intervention. With the region highly indebted, this paper quantifies the impact of three parametric reforms—freezing pension benefits for two years, raising the retirement age and increasing the contribution rate by one percentage point—that, if implemented, would put the pension schemes on a stronger financial footing. While the appropriate combination of reforms necessary to eliminate the actuarial deficits varies depending on each country’s circumstances, most countries need to undertake reforms now or risk even higher taxes, lower growth and unsustainable debt dynamics.

Old age pensions --- Retirement age --- Economic development --- E-books --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Age of retirement --- Pension age --- Age and employment --- Retirement, Mandatory --- Employees --- OASI (Old age and survivors insurance) --- Old age and survivors insurance --- Older people --- Retirement pensions --- Survivors' benefits (Old age pensions) --- Pensions --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Demography --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Economics of the Elderly --- Economics of the Handicapped --- Non-labor Market Discrimination --- Retirement --- Retirement Policies --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Population & demography --- Labour --- income economics --- Aging --- Pension spending --- Income --- Expenditure --- Population and demographics --- National accounts --- Population aging --- Barbados --- Income economics