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Artificial intelligence algorithms are permeating nearly every domain of human activity, including processes that make decisions about interests central to individual welfare and well-being. How do public perceptions of algorithmic decisionmaking in these domains compare with perceptions of traditional human decisionmaking? What kinds of judgments about the shortcomings of algorithmic decisionmaking processes underlie these perceptions? Will individuals be willing to hold algorithms accountable through legal channels for unfair, incorrect, or otherwise problematic decisions? Answers to these questions matter at several levels. In a democratic society, a degree of public acceptance is needed for algorithms to become successfully integrated into decisionmaking processes. And public perceptions will shape how the harms and wrongs caused by algorithmic decisionmaking are handled. This report shares the results of a survey experiment designed to contribute to researchers' understanding of how U.S. public perceptions are evolving in these respects in one high-stakes setting: decisions related to employment and unemployment.

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Elder abuse or mistreatment (EM) — which includes psychological, physical, and sexual abuse; neglect; and financial exploitation of older adults — is a widespread problem that can have devastating consequences. People subjected to abuse or mistreatment are more likely to experience depression, cognitive decline, reduced quality of life, and premature mortality. Individuals experiencing EM often need a variety of interventions to restore health, recover from trauma, resolve or recoup financial losses, separate from their abusers, and relocate to new housing. This report presents an initial evaluation of the nation's first elder-specific shelter — the Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Center for Elder Justice, which is part of the Hebrew Home at Riverdale. Located in the Bronx, New York, the Hebrew Home is a nonprofit residential health care facility with 560 beds, part of a continuum of care community that provides a full spectrum of health care, home care, and housing on a nonsectarian basis. The authors seek to shed light on the Weinberg Center model, which aims to benefit the growing number of individuals experiencing EM and also may have wider societal benefits. Specifically, the authors describe the Weinberg Center's shelter model, examine some of the more important outcomes for Weinberg Center clients, and begin to quantify some of the costs and benefits, including potential cost savings, of the model for individuals experiencing EM, public payers, and society. However, it is important to note that this is an initial evaluation with a limited scope. A full evaluation would employ a rigorous experimental design.

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Many law enforcement and other first responder agencies have adopted deflection as a front-line response to the increasing number of drug overdoses and deaths in the United States over the past two decades. Deflection programs aim to connect individuals with substance use disorder (not necessarily limited to opioids or one particular substance) who encounter the criminal justice system with treatment and other services according to the individual's needs. This report describes the findings from a multi-site evaluation of law enforcement deflection in the United States. The authors describe how each program is implemented and identify key program facilitators and barriers. For two of the six sites, the authors conducted outcome analyses to determine whether the model is effective in reducing drug-related deaths and overdoses, arrests, and treatment admissions.

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Opioids play an outsized role in America's drug problems, but they also play a critically important role in medicine. Thus, they deserve special attention. Illegally manufactured opioids (such as fentanyl) are involved in a majority of U.S. drug overdoses, but the problems are broader and deeper than drug fatalities. Depending on the drugs involved, there can be myriad physical and mental health consequences associated with having a substance use disorder. And it is not just those using drugs who suffer. Substance use and related behaviors can significantly affect individuals' families, friends, employers, and wider communities. Efforts to address problems related to opioids are insufficient and sometimes contradictory. In this 600-page report, researchers provide a nuanced assessment of America's opioid ecosystem, highlighting how leveraging system interactions can reduce addiction, overdose, suffering, and other harms. At the core of the opioid ecosystem are the individuals who use opioids and their families. Researchers also include chapters on ten major components of the opioid ecosystem: substance use disorder treatment, harm reduction, medical care, the criminal legal system, illegal supply and supply control, first responders, the child welfare system, income support and homeless services, employment, and education. The primary audience for this book is policymakers, but it should also be useful for foundations looking for opportunities to create change that have often been overlooked. This report can help researchers better consider the full consequences of policy changes and help members of the media identify the dynamics of interactions that deserve more attention.

Opioid abuse --- Drug abuse --- Medication abuse --- Opioids --- Prevention. --- Social aspects --- Government policy --- United States