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This open access book explores the formation and socio-spatial trajectories of large housing estates in Europe. Are these estates clustered or scattered? Which social groups originally had access to residential space in housing estates ? What is the size, scale and geography of housing estates, their architectural and built environment composition, services and neighbourhood amenities, and metropolitan connectivity? How do housing estates contribute to the urban mosaic of neighborhoods by ethnic and socio-economic status ? What types of policies and planning initiatives have been implemented in order to prevent the social downgrading of housing estates ? The collection of chapters in this book addresses these questions from a new perspective previously unexplored in scholarly literature. The social aspects of housing estates are thoroughly investigated (including socio-demographic and economic characteristics of current and past inhabitants; ethnicity and segregation patterns; population dynamics; etc.), and the physical composition of housing estates is described in significant detail (including building materials; building form; architectural and landscape design; built environment characteristics; etc.). This book is timely because the recent global economic crisis and Europe's immigration crisis demand a thorough investigation of the role large housing estates play in poverty and ethnic concentration. Through case studies of housing estates in 14 European centers, the book also identifies policy measures that have been used to address challenges in housing estates throughout Europe.

Geography. --- Urban geography. --- Sociology, Urban. --- Demography. --- Economic development. --- Social change. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- Development and Social Change. --- Urban Studies/Sociology. --- European Economics. --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Urban sociology --- Cities and towns --- Geography --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Europe—Economic conditions. --- Europe --- Economic conditions. --- Large housing estates --- geography --- social groups --- ethnic status --- socio-economic status --- Population. --- Urban Sociology. --- Development Studies. --- Population and Demography. --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Demography --- Malthusianism --- Gay culture Europe

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This open access book focuses on the formation and later socio-spatial trajectories of large housing estates in the Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It also explores claims that a distinctly “westward-looking orientation” in their design produced housing estates that were superior in design to those produced elsewhere in the Soviet Union (between 1944 and 1991, Estonia was a member republic of the USSR). The first two parts of the book provide contextual material to help readers understand the vision behind housing estates in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These sections present the background of housing estates in the Baltic Republics as well as challenges and debates concerning their formation, evolution, and present condition and importance. Subsequent parts of the book consist of: demographic analyses of the socioeconomic characteristics and ethnicity of housing estate residents (past and present) in the three Baltic capital cities, case studies of people and places related to housing estates in the Baltic countries, and chapters exploring relevant special topics and themes. This book will be of interest to students, scholars, and advocates interested in understanding the past, present, and future importance of housing estates in the Baltic countries.

Human Geography. --- Europe—Economic conditions. --- Demography. --- Sociology, Urban. --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns). --- European Economics. --- Urban Studies/Sociology. --- Urban sociology --- Cities and towns --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Urban geography. --- Human geography. --- Urban geography --- Human geography --- Europe—Economic conditions --- Demography --- Sociology, Urban --- Europe --- Population. --- Urban Sociology. --- Population and Demography. --- Economic conditions. --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Economics --- Sociology --- Malthusianism --- Gay culture Europe

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This open access book investigates the link between income inequality and socio-economic residential segregation in 24 large urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. It offers a unique global overview of segregation trends based on case studies by local author teams. The book shows important global trends in segregation, and proposes a Global Segregation Thesis. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries. This is causing convergence of segregation trends. Professionalisation of the workforce is leading to changing residential patterns. High-income workers are moving to city centres or to attractive coastal areas and gated communities, while poverty is increasingly suburbanising. As a result, the urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than changes in segregation levels. Rising levels of inequality and segregation pose huge challenges for the future social sustainability of cities, as cities are no longer places of opportunities for all.

Urban & municipal planning --- Social issues & processes --- Economic geography --- Sociology: work & labour --- Human geography --- Population & demography --- Urban Geography / Urbanism (inc. megacities, cities, towns) --- Social Structure, Social Inequality --- Economic Geography --- Organizational Studies, Economic Sociology --- Human Geography --- Demography --- Urban Geography and Urbanism --- Social Structure --- Economic Sociology --- Population and Demography --- Socio-Economic Segregation --- Residential Segregation --- Dissimiliarity Index --- Income Inequality --- Occupational Categories --- Socio-Economic Groups --- GINI-index --- Large Cities / Metropoles --- Neighbourhood Change --- Open Access Book --- Social & ethical issues