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This book constitutes the proceedings of the 21st China National Conference on Computational Linguistics, CCL 2022, held in Nanchang, China, in October 2022. The 22 full English-language papers in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 293 Chinese and English submissions. The conference papers are categorized into the following topical sub-headings: Linguistics and Cognitive Science; Fundamental Theory and Methods of Computational Linguistics; Information Retrieval, Dialogue and Question Answering; Text Generation and Summarization; Knowledge Graph and Information Extraction; Machine Translation and Multilingual Information Processing; Minority Language Information Processing; Language Resource and Evaluation; NLP Applications.

Natural language processing (Computer science) --- Computational linguistics. --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Data processing --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Computer engineering. --- Computer networks. --- Application software. --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Computer Engineering and Networks. --- Computer and Information Systems Applications. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Computers --- Distributed processing --- Design and construction

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th China National Conference on Computational Linguistics, CCL 2014, and of the First International Symposium on Natural Language Processing Based on Naturally Annotated Big Data, NLP-NABD 2014, held in Wuhan, China, in October 2014. The 27 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 233 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on word segmentation; syntactic analysis and parsing the Web; semantics; discourse, coreference and pragmatics; textual entailment; language resources and annotation; sentiment analysis, opinion mining and text classification; large‐scale knowledge acquisition and reasoning; text mining, open IE and machine reading of the Web; machine translation; multilinguality in NLP; underresourced languages processing; NLP applications.

Computer science. --- Computers. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Text processing (Computer science). --- Computational linguistics. --- Computer Science. --- Language Translation and Linguistics. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Document Preparation and Text Processing. --- Information Systems and Communication Service. --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Processing, Text (Computer science) --- Database management --- Electronic data processing --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Word processing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Information systems. --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Artificial Intelligence. --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Chinese language --- Sino-Tibetan languages

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This book provides an overview of the recent advances in representation learning theory, algorithms, and applications for natural language processing (NLP), ranging from word embeddings to pre-trained language models. It is divided into four parts. Part I presents the representation learning techniques for multiple language entries, including words, sentences and documents, as well as pre-training techniques. Part II then introduces the related representation techniques to NLP, including graphs, cross-modal entries, and robustness. Part III then introduces the representation techniques for the knowledge that are closely related to NLP, including entity-based world knowledge, sememe-based linguistic knowledge, legal domain knowledge and biomedical domain knowledge. Lastly, Part IV discusses the remaining challenges and future research directions. The theories and algorithms of representation learning presented can also benefit other related domains such as machine learning, social network analysis, semantic Web, information retrieval, data mining and computational biology. This book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, researchers, lecturers, and industrial engineers, as well as anyone interested in representation learning and natural language processing. As compared to the first edition, the second edition (1) provides a more detailed introduction to representation learning in Chapter 1; (2) adds four new chapters to introduce pre-trained language models, robust representation learning, legal knowledge representation learning and biomedical knowledge representation learning; (3) updates recent advances in representation learning in all chapters; and (4) corrects some errors in the first edition. The new contents will be approximately 50%+ compared to the first edition. This is an open access book.

Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Computational linguistics. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Data mining. --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- Computational Linguistics. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Database searching --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing --- Data processing

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This open access book provides an overview of the recent advances in representation learning theory, algorithms and applications for natural language processing (NLP). It is divided into three parts. Part I presents the representation learning techniques for multiple language entries, including words, phrases, sentences and documents. Part II then introduces the representation techniques for those objects that are closely related to NLP, including entity-based world knowledge, sememe-based linguistic knowledge, networks, and cross-modal entries. Lastly, Part III provides open resource tools for representation learning techniques, and discusses the remaining challenges and future research directions. The theories and algorithms of representation learning presented can also benefit other related domains such as machine learning, social network analysis, semantic Web, information retrieval, data mining and computational biology. This book is intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, researchers, lecturers, and industrial engineers, as well as anyone interested in representation learning and natural language processing.

Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Information systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- Mathematical linguistics --- NLP (neurolinguïstisch programmeren) --- spraaktechnologie --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- data acquisition --- AI (artificiële intelligentie)

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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th China National Conference on Computational Linguistics, CCL 2014, and of the Third International Symposium on Natural Language Processing Based on Naturally Annotated Big Data, NLP-NABD 2015, held in Guangzhou, China, in November 2015. The 34 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 283 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on lexical semantics and ontologies; semantics; sentiment analysis, opinion mining and text classification; machine translation; multilinguality in NLP; machine learning methods for NLP; knowledge graph and information extraction; discourse, coreference and pragmatics; information retrieval and question answering; social computing; NLP applications.  .

Philology & Linguistics --- Languages & Literatures --- Computer science. --- Computational linguistics. --- Computer Science. --- Language Translation and Linguistics. --- Automatic language processing --- Language and languages --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Natural language processing (Computer science). --- Natural Language Processing (NLP). --- NLP (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Electronic data processing --- Human-computer interaction --- Semantic computing