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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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This report summarizes the literature on definitions of resilience to flood risk, conceptual system-of-systems frameworks to analyze resilience, metric and indicator systems for measuring resilience, and examples of resilience-building in action at the community level. The literature suggests three main themes associated with the concept of resilience: (1) reducing the likelihood of a disaster and a community's ability to absorb or resist a shock, (2) increasing a system's adaptability while still maintaining function in the presence of a shock, and (3) reducing the time to recovery to normal functioning that might differ from pre-event functioning. These themes translate into capacities at the community or regional level that are essential to achieving resilience: absorptive or resistive capacity, adaptive capacity, and restorative capacity. Conceptual frameworks can be categorized into two groups: systems that segment the world by public service sectors (e.g., electric, water, and transportation) and systems that segment along functional lines (e.g., social, built, or natural).

Flood control. --- Floods --- Flood damage prevention. --- Risk assessment.

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This paper exploits the seasonal and annual changes in marginal prices for water to estimate the price elasticity of demand by residential households for water. It uses the changes in distributions of water using the census block group levels in response to changes in marginal prices of water for matched months across years. This strategy reduces the interaction effects of outdoor use and demographic fact in determining responsiveness to price. By comparing years that vary in overall water availability the framework can recover measures of how responses to price vary with season and draught conditions. The application is the urban Phoenix metropolitan area.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Stakeholders in the public and private sectors in Vermont have been increasing the state's investments in high-quality early care and education (ECE) programs for children not yet in kindergarten. Yet many families are not reached by the funds currently available, especially to afford care for infants and toddlers. Additionally, the ECE workforce has long been underpaid, both in terms of cash wages and benefits. Further expansion of public funds to ensure that young children can participate in high-quality ECE in the mixed-delivery system (both public and private providers) requires an understanding of the cost of high-quality ECE, what is a reasonable contribution families can make to the cost of the ECE they consume, and the potential public-sector revenue options to fill the gap. Vermont Act 45, passed in 2021, expressed a need to support Vermont's economy by providing access to high-quality ECE and ensuring that the state's early educators are fairly compensated and well supported. The act included a requirement for a financing study. To meet this requirement, the authors estimate the cost for high-quality ECE in Vermont using a mixed-delivery system. In addition, to understand the size of the funding gap that must be filled to expand subsidies to more families, the authors consider several designs for a sliding-scale subsidy schedule. The authors also identify a set of feasible and stable revenue streams that can be used alone or in combination to fill the funding gap and employ a series of economic models to estimate the net fiscal and economic impact of the effects of the increased subsidies and the identified revenue.