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I examine and document how the Endless Frontier changed the research landscape at universities and how universities responded to the initiative. I show that the agencies it established and funded initially recruited research proposals from faculty and applications from students for fellowships and scholarships. By the 1960s the tables had begun to turn and universities had begun to push for more resources from the federal government for research, support for faculty salary and research assistants and higher indirect costs. The process transformed the relationship between universities and federal funders; it also transformed the relationship between universities and faculty. The university research system that has grown and evolved faces a number of challenges that threaten the health of universities and the research enterprise and have implications for discovery and innovation. Five are discussed in the closing section. They are (1) a proclivity on the part of faculty and funding agencies to be risk averse; (2) the tendency to produce more PhDs than the market for research positions demands; (3) a heavy concentration of research in the biomedical sciences; (4) a continued expansion on the part of universities that may place universities at increased financial risk and (5) a flat or declining amount of federal funds for research.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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The beauty of science may be pure and eternal, but the practice of science costs money. And scientists, being human, respond to incentives and costs, in money and glory. Choosing a research topic, deciding what papers to write and where to publish them, sticking with a familiar area or going into something new-the payoff may be tenure or a job at a highly ranked university or a prestigious award or a bump in salary. The risk may be not getting any of that.At a time when science is seen as an engine of economic growth, Paula Stephan brings a keen understanding of the ongoing cost-benefit calculations made by individuals and institutions as they compete for resources and reputation. She shows how universities offload risks by increasing the percentage of non-tenure-track faculty, requiring tenured faculty to pay salaries from outside grants, and staffing labs with foreign workers on temporary visas. With funding tight, investigators pursue safe projects rather than less fundable ones with uncertain but potentially path-breaking outcomes. Career prospects in science are increasingly dismal for the young because of ever-lengthening apprenticeships, scarcity of permanent academic positions, and the difficulty of getting funded.Vivid, thorough, and bold, How Economics Shapes Science highlights the growing gap between the haves and have-nots-especially the vast imbalance between the biomedical sciences and physics/engineering-and offers a persuasive vision of a more productive, more creative research system that would lead and benefit the world.

Science policy --- Sociology of knowledge --- Research --- Science and state. --- Recherche --- Politique scientifique et technique --- Economic aspects. --- Aspect économique --- AA / International- internationaal --- 476 --- 338.6 --- 50 --- education --- enseignement --- recherche et developpement --- Science --- State and science --- State, The --- Economie van de opvoeding. --- Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en ontwikkeling. --- Algemeenheden. Geschiedenis en filosofie van de wetenschappen. --- opvoeding --- onderwijs --- onderzoek en ontwikkeling --- Government policy --- Aspect économique --- Science and state --- Economic aspects --- Wetenschappelijk onderzoek en ontwikkeling --- Economie van de opvoeding --- Algemeenheden. Geschiedenis en filosofie van de wetenschappen

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FEMMES --- BENEVOLAT --- STATISTIQUE --- CREATION EMPLOIS

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Economic analysis of law --- Technological innovations --- Research --- Science --- Innovations --- Recherche --- Sciences --- Economic aspects. --- Aspect économique --- Aspect économique