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How economics shapes science
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ISBN: 9780674049710 0674049713 0674062752 9780674062757 Year: 2012 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press

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The beauty of science may be pure and eternal, but the practice of science costs money. And scientists, being human, respond to incentives and costs, in money and glory. Choosing a research topic, deciding what papers to write and where to publish them, sticking with a familiar area or going into something new-the payoff may be tenure or a job at a highly ranked university or a prestigious award or a bump in salary. The risk may be not getting any of that.At a time when science is seen as an engine of economic growth, Paula Stephan brings a keen understanding of the ongoing cost-benefit calculations made by individuals and institutions as they compete for resources and reputation. She shows how universities offload risks by increasing the percentage of non-tenure-track faculty, requiring tenured faculty to pay salaries from outside grants, and staffing labs with foreign workers on temporary visas. With funding tight, investigators pursue safe projects rather than less fundable ones with uncertain but potentially path-breaking outcomes. Career prospects in science are increasingly dismal for the young because of ever-lengthening apprenticeships, scarcity of permanent academic positions, and the difficulty of getting funded.Vivid, thorough, and bold, How Economics Shapes Science highlights the growing gap between the haves and have-nots-especially the vast imbalance between the biomedical sciences and physics/engineering-and offers a persuasive vision of a more productive, more creative research system that would lead and benefit the world.


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The endless frontier : reaping what Bush sowed?
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Year: 2013 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. : National Bureau of Economic Research,

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RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MARKET WORK, WORK ASPIRATIONS, AND VOLUNTEERING: THE CASE OF RETIRED WOMEN

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Twins or Strangers? Differences and Similarities between Industrial and Academic Science
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research

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Some scholars view academic and industrial science as qualitatively different knowledge production regimes. Others claim that the two sectors are increasingly similar. Large-scale empirical evidence regarding similarities and differences, however, has been missing. Drawing on prior work on the organization of science, we first develop a framework to compare and contrast the two sectors along four key dimensions: (1) the nature of research (e.g., basic versus applied); (2) organizational characteristics (e.g., degree of independence, pay); (3) researchers' preferences (e.g., taste for independence); and (4) the use of alternative disclosure mechanisms (e.g., patenting and publishing). We then compare the two sectors empirically using detailed survey data from a representative sample of over 5,000 life scientists and physical scientists employed in a wide range of academic institutions and private firms. Building on prior work that has emphasized different “research missions”, we also examine how the nature of research is related to other characteristics of science within and across the two sectors. Our results paint a complex picture of academic and industrial science. While we find significant industry-academia differences with respect to all four dimensions, we also observe remarkable similarities. For example, both academic institutions and private firms appear to allow their scientists to stay actively involved in the broader scientific community and provide them with considerable levels of independence in their jobs. Second, we find significant differences not just between industrial and academic science but also within each of the two sectors as well as across fields. Finally, while the nature of research is a significant predictor of other dimensions such as the use of patenting and publishing, it does not fully explain the observed industry-academia differences in those dimensions. Overall, our results suggest that stereotypical views of industrial and academic science may be misleading and that future work may benefit from a richer and more nuanced description of the organization of science.

The economics of science and innovation
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ISBN: 1858987555 Year: 2000 Volume: 117 Publisher: Northampton, MA : E. Elgar Pub.,

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Science and the university
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ISBN: 1282255975 9786612255977 029922483X 9780299224837 9780299224806 0299224805 9781282255975 6612255978 Year: 2007 Publisher: Madison, Wis. University of Wisconsin Press

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How and why does knowledge spill over? the case of biotechnology.
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Year: 1998 Publisher: London Centre For Economic Policy Research. Discussion Paper Nr. 1991 - Industrial Organization

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Understanding regression analysis : an introductory guide
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ISBN: 9781506332888 1506332889 1544365349 1506361625 1506361609 1506361617 Year: 2017 Volume: 57 Publisher: Los Angeles (Calif.): Sage,

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The second edition of Understanding Regression Analysis: An Introductory Guide presents the fundamentals of regression analysis, from its meaning to uses, in a concise, easy-to-read, and non-technical style. From back cover.

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