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The increased international transportation and trade over the last few decades have increased the risk of the introduction of pathogens into new areas. Global climate change has influenced environmental conditions and the ability of pathogens to survive, and has changed the habitats of certain vectors and hosts. These processes have led to the emergence or re-emergence of various pathogens in different parts of the world, including those affecting horses. This Special Issue features some aspects regarding several well recognized as well as some new and emerging equine viral pathogens, highlighting the need for updated epidemiological data. Such surveillance is crucial for proper decision making by clinicians and by regulatory authorities. Also demonstrated by the recent global emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the development of an effective infrastructure for the rapid and effective detection and control of novel viral pathogens, as well as re-emerging ones, is essential. Horses should play an important role in such surveillance systems, not only for equine pathogens but also as sentinels to other viruses and arboviruses. As was demonstrated in several examples in this Special Issue, it is important to remember, both as clinicians and as researchers, that when facing clinical cases, even when those are common, we should remain alert to the possibility of the intrusion of unknown pathogens and, therefore, should seek a definitive diagnosis. This may allow for the early detection of emerging or re-emerging pathogens.

equine coronavirus --- horse --- enteric disease --- ECoV --- seroprevalence --- equine --- viruses --- loop-mediated isothermal amplification --- insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction --- field-deployable --- point-of-care testing --- Huculs --- viral status --- immunological status --- equine viral diseases --- EHV-1 --- EHV-4 --- ELISA --- VNT --- Morocco --- equine parvoviruses --- equine parvovirus hepatitis --- equine parvovirus CSF --- equine copivirus --- nasal fluid --- blood --- qPCR --- sick equids --- healthy horses --- gammaherpesvirus --- horses --- respiratory disease --- equine herpesvirus 1, -2, -4, -5 --- equine influenza --- quantitative PCR --- equine encephalosis virus --- EEV --- epidemiology --- clinical disease --- control --- Culicoides --- SARS-CoV-2 --- nasal secretions --- n/a

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem with extremely complex epidemiology involving the direct and indirect transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and mobile genetic elements between humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is, therefore, recognized as a ‘One Health’ issue. Data that describe AMR prevalence and trends are required to enable the judicious and prudent use of antimicrobials in animals, which has implications both from veterinary and animal welfare aspects as well as from a zoonotic and public health perspective. Horses are a potential reservoir of AMR for humans due to close human–animal contact, as was demonstrated with shared human and horse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains causing outbreaks in equine hospitals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, considered as clinically and economically important to the AMR burden in human and veterinary medicine, has been reported in both community and clinic equine populations. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae pose a major worldwide threat due to the geographical expansion of ESBL-producing clones as well as the horizontal interspecies dissemination of ESBL-encoding plasmids and genes. In human medicine, ESBL-E infection is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, delay of targeted appropriate treatment, and higher costs. These issues also need to be addressed in horses. This Special Issue on AMR in horses encompasses several papers that describe the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular data on MDR bacteria in healthy horses in Canada, Japan, Spain, and Israel, in addition to papers that describe the clinical impact of MDR bacteria in diseased horses in Austria, USA, France and Israel.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- equine --- foal --- ESBL-E --- antibiotic resistance --- shedding --- umbilical infection --- risk factors --- healthy horses --- staphylococci --- MSSA --- ST1640 --- lukPQ --- ESBL --- Escherichia coli --- Enterobacteriaceae --- antimicrobial resistance --- CTX-M-1 --- SHV --- farm --- ESBL-E acquisition --- AmpC --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- antibiotic-resistance --- β-lactamases --- horses --- extended-spectrum β-lactamase --- AmpC β-lactamase --- horse --- multidrug resistance --- beta-lactamase --- cephalosporinase --- microbiota --- North America --- horse pathogens --- epidemiology --- n/a

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• Reference Manager
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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global problem with extremely complex epidemiology involving the direct and indirect transmission of antibiotic resistant pathogens and mobile genetic elements between humans, animals, and the environment. AMR is, therefore, recognized as a ‘One Health’ issue. Data that describe AMR prevalence and trends are required to enable the judicious and prudent use of antimicrobials in animals, which has implications both from veterinary and animal welfare aspects as well as from a zoonotic and public health perspective. Horses are a potential reservoir of AMR for humans due to close human–animal contact, as was demonstrated with shared human and horse methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains causing outbreaks in equine hospitals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, considered as clinically and economically important to the AMR burden in human and veterinary medicine, has been reported in both community and clinic equine populations. Strains of Enterobacteriaceae pose a major worldwide threat due to the geographical expansion of ESBL-producing clones as well as the horizontal interspecies dissemination of ESBL-encoding plasmids and genes. In human medicine, ESBL-E infection is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, delay of targeted appropriate treatment, and higher costs. These issues also need to be addressed in horses. This Special Issue on AMR in horses encompasses several papers that describe the prevalence, risk factors, and molecular data on MDR bacteria in healthy horses in Canada, Japan, Spain, and Israel, in addition to papers that describe the clinical impact of MDR bacteria in diseased horses in Austria, USA, France and Israel.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- equine --- foal --- ESBL-E --- antibiotic resistance --- shedding --- umbilical infection --- risk factors --- healthy horses --- staphylococci --- MSSA --- ST1640 --- lukPQ --- ESBL --- Escherichia coli --- Enterobacteriaceae --- antimicrobial resistance --- CTX-M-1 --- SHV --- farm --- ESBL-E acquisition --- AmpC --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- antibiotic-resistance --- β-lactamases --- horses --- extended-spectrum β-lactamase --- AmpC β-lactamase --- horse --- multidrug resistance --- beta-lactamase --- cephalosporinase --- microbiota --- North America --- horse pathogens --- epidemiology --- equine --- foal --- ESBL-E --- antibiotic resistance --- shedding --- umbilical infection --- risk factors --- healthy horses --- staphylococci --- MSSA --- ST1640 --- lukPQ --- ESBL --- Escherichia coli --- Enterobacteriaceae --- antimicrobial resistance --- CTX-M-1 --- SHV --- farm --- ESBL-E acquisition --- AmpC --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- antibiotic-resistance --- β-lactamases --- horses --- extended-spectrum β-lactamase --- AmpC β-lactamase --- horse --- multidrug resistance --- beta-lactamase --- cephalosporinase --- microbiota --- North America --- horse pathogens --- epidemiology