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Cosmogenic radionuclides are radioactive isotopes which are produced by natural processes and distributed within the Earth system. With a holistic view of the environment the authors show in this book how cosmogenic radionuclides can be used to trace and to reconstruct the history of a large variety of processes. They discuss the way in which cosmogenic radionuclides can assist in the quantification of complex processes in the present-day environment. The book aims to demonstrate to the reader the strength of analytic tools based on cosmogenic radionuclides, their contribution to almost any field of modern science, and how these tools may assist in the solution of many present and future problems that we face here on Earth. The book provides a comprehensive discussion of the basic principles behind the applications of cosmogenic (and other) radionuclides as environmental tracers and dating tools. The second section of the book discusses in some detail the production of radionuclides by cosmic radiation, their transport and distribution in the atmosphere and the hydrosphere, their storage in natural archives, and how they are measured. The third section of the book presents a number of examples selected to illustrate typical tracer and dating applications in a number of different spheres (atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, solar physics and astronomy). At the same time the authors have outlined the limitations of the use of cosmogenic radionuclides. Written on a level understandable by graduate students without specialist skills in physics or mathematics, the book addresses a wide audience, ranging from archaeology, biophysics, and geophysics, to atmospheric physics, hydrology, astrophysics and space science.

Atmospheric radioactivity. --- Cosmic rays. --- Radioisotopes. --- Atmospheric radioactivity --- Radioisotopes --- Extraterrestrial radiation --- Cosmic rays --- Radioactive tracers --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astrophysics --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry --- Radioactivity. --- Millikan rays --- Radioactive isotopes --- Radioactive nuclides --- Radionuclides --- Physics. --- Geophysics. --- Space sciences. --- Nuclear physics. --- Heavy ions. --- Hadrons. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation --- Environmental sciences. --- Ecotoxicology. --- Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences. --- Environmental Physics. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Nuclear Physics, Heavy Ions, Hadrons. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Safety measures. --- Nuclear reactions --- Ionizing radiation --- Nuclear physics --- Radioactivity --- Space environment --- Isotopes --- Nuclear engineering --- Radioactive substances --- Radiochemistry --- Astrophysics. --- Physical geography. --- Environmental toxicology. --- Environmental protection. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Physics --- Ecotoxicology --- Pollutants --- Pollution --- Environmental health --- Toxicology --- Geography --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Ions --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Earth sciences --- Environmental science --- Science --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology

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Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, is different in several respects from the other three terrestrial planets. In appearance, it resembles the heavily cratered surface of the Moon, but its density is high, it has a magnetic field and magnetosphere, but no atmosphere or ionosphere. This book reviews the progress made in Mercury studies since the flybys by Mariner 10 in 1974-75, based on the continued research using the Mariner 10 archive, on observations from Earth, and on increasingly realistic models of its interior evolution.

Mercury (Planet) --- Planetology. --- Astrophysics. --- Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics). --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Astronomical physics --- Astronomy --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Planetary sciences --- Planetology --- Space sciences. --- Science and space --- Space research --- Cosmology --- Science

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Space research --- Solar system --- Astrophysics --- zonnestelsel --- astrofysica --- planeten --- ruimtevaart