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Public health --- International cooperation. --- International agencies --- Medical assistance --- Public health laws, International --- World health

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In the realm of medical practice, the word "embolism" has many implications to many people, with most providers instinctively placing this word within an inherently negative context. Derived from the Greek word, ἐμβολισμός, this term most literally means "interposition." Yet, regardless of how benign this etymological derivation may appear, the clinical context is quite the opposite-a symbol of much dreaded morbidity and mortality. Whether the embolus consists of a blood clot, a fat globule, a bubble of gas, amniotic fluid, or even an iatrogenic or traumatic foreign body, the unfavorable connotations persist even if the patient has few or no associated symptoms and requires no intervention.The primary goal of this book is to provide the reader with an overview of the most common types of embolic phenomena encountered in clinical practice, including some of the key related diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Among chapters featured in the current collection are important contributions in the areas of pulmonary embolism, fat embolism, embolic complications of non-malignant cardiac tumors, acute arterial embolism of the lower extremity, thrombophilia in pregnancy, bullet and shrapnel embolization, coronary artery embolization, as well as a comprehensive review of venous interventions utilized in the management of thromboembolic disorders. When measured in terms of both human and financial costs, broadly defined "embolic phenomena" have tremendous impact on healthcare systems and societies around the globe. Through this academic effort of both our editorial team and individual chapter authors, we hope to provide the reader with valuable insight into the gravity of the collective problem. Among key takeaway messages of this book is that diagnostic relativity and uncertainty continue to prevail in the realm of "embolic diseases." Consequently, much more progress is required before we are able to declare success.

Therapeutic embolization.

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Shock is a physiological state of war! From a healthcare provider perspective, the word "shock" is associated with a mixed array of feelings, including dread, well-founded fear, and deep respect. The physiological state of shock is well recognized for the associated destructive consequences, and its successful management requires prompt identification, immediate action, and sustained effort by all members of the healthcare team. This mindset of advanced preparation and constant readiness constitutes the foundation of the modern approach toward shock - early detection and prompt treatment for optimal outcomes. Despite the heterogeneity of "shock" as a clinico-pathological entity, there are some common threads that permeate all forms and manifestations of shock, with apparent increase in observed commonalities in the more advanced (and often irreversible) stages of the systemic syndrome. When faced with shock, the body and its systems do their best to compensate for the maldistribution of oxygen and nutrients. This is known as the so-called compensated shock. Beyond that, the body loses its ability to adjust any further, thus descending into "uncompensated shock," with a refractory state characterized by vasoplegia and irreversible cardiovascular failure. As the reader journeys through the chapters of the book, he or she will read about various biomarkers and endpoints of resuscitation, explore different types of shock (e.g., septic, hemorrhagic, anaphylactic) and learn about some of the less often discussed topics such as neurogenic and spinal shock, as well as the amniotic fluid embolism. Our goals were to keep things clinically relevant and practically oriented, thus enabling the reader to apply the newly acquired knowledge in their everyday clinical routines. As the reader progresses through the book, we hope to help stimulate further discourse and innovative thinking about the topic. In this context, it is critical that basic, translational, and clinical research on shock continues to advance. Only through ongoing scientific progress can we help improve outcomes for patients with both rare and common forms of shock.

Hypotension. --- Shock.