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Horse. --- Husbandry. --- Management. --- Switzerland.

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Out of a representative sample of 1861 Swiss horse yards, 622 horse keepers (35.2%) with 2536 horses, ponies and donkeys sent back a questionnaire about general farm characteristics, their horse-specific training, horse stock, housing conditions, intraspecific social contacts, feeding, ability to move freely, use of the horses and management. 83.5% of horses were kept individually (thereof 18.3% tethered, 32.3% in a loose box indoors, 28.4% in a loose box outdoors, and 4.5% in a loose box with permanent access to a paddock or an individual pasture), and 16.5% lived in group housing systems. 36% of the horses had daily access to a pasture, 62.8% depending on the weather, and 1.2% never at all. Individually housed horses pastured significantly less than horses kept in groups. The mean use per week was 4.5 hours, depending on breed, type of use and housing system. Only 50% of the horse keepers were trained with respect to horses or farm animals (e.g. professional training graduation, licence, military service, veterinarian, farmer). In Switzerland, horses are still housed and fed in a traditional way, despite considerable recent changes in the amount and type of use (65.1% leisure horses, 34.9% sport and working horses); this may result in health and behavioural problems. Therefore, information and education of horsewomen and horsemen should be emphasized in the future. For the transfer of knowledge, veterinarians are of high importance

Ability. --- Access. --- Analysis. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavior. --- Behavioural problems. --- Boxes. --- Breed. --- Contact. --- Demographic survey switzerland. --- Donkey. --- Education. --- Farm animals. --- Feeding. --- Group housing. --- Group. --- Groups. --- Health. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Housing condition. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing system. --- Housing. --- Information. --- Kept. --- Management. --- Pasture. --- Ponies. --- Pony. --- Questionnaire. --- Social contact. --- Social. --- Switzerland. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time. --- Training of keepers. --- Training. --- Use. --- Veterinarians.

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Behaviour. --- Development. --- Exploration. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Mice. --- Physical. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Weaning. --- Weight.

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In rats, exploratory activity and emotional reactivity towards novel stimuli reflect independent biological functions that are modulated differently by rearing experiences. Environmental enrichment is known to improve performance in exploratory tasks, while having inconsistent effects on emotionality. This study examined the effect of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of rats in two exploratory tasks. Male rats were reared under one of four conditions, differing in social and non-social complexity. At 9 weeks of age, exploration of a novel open field, and exploration of novel objects in the same open field following 24 h habituation, was assessed. Differences in social and non-social complexity of the rearing environment had inconsistent effects on exploration in the novel open field. In contrast, when rats were faced with novel objects in an otherwise familiar environment, exploration habituated faster with increasing stimulus complexity of the non-social environment. The social environment had no effect on this latter test. These findings indicate that environmental enrichment affects exploratory activity primarily through its effect on habituation to novelty. This effect depends on relative stimulus complexity of the rearing environment, but is independent of social factors. The present results further suggest that aversive tasks can obscure the expression of enrichment-dependent differences in habituation to novelty. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

2 inbred strains. --- Activity. --- Adult rats. --- Age. --- Behaviour. --- Brain. --- Emotional reactivity. --- Emotionality. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment,enriched experience,isolation-rearing,behaviour,emotionality,exploration,habituation,novelty,open field,rat. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Experience. --- Exploration. --- Expression. --- Field. --- Function. --- Habituation. --- Inhibition. --- Male rat. --- Male-rats. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Novelty. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Open field. --- Open-field behavior. --- Open-field. --- Performance. --- Prenatal stress. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Reactivity. --- Rearing. --- Social deprivation. --- Social environment. --- Social-factors. --- Social. --- Stimuli. --- Stimulus. --- Task. --- Tasks. --- Test.