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The study addresses the dating of Middle Egyptian literary texts from the perspective that has merited the least attention so far, language. General discussions concern aspects of the linguistic situation in early/mid-second millennium BCE Egypt, the nature of the record in which the primary linguistic description is necessarily carried out, processes of textual alteration in the course of transmission, and the configurations of Middle Egyptian in literature. In the case of Middle Egyptian literary texts, the major strategy for dating consists in studying phenomena of written innovation and obsolescence in relevant registers in order to define upper and lower temporal bounds for a composition to be dated. In a complementary approach, not indexed on linguistic change, distinctive linguistic repertoires and phenomena of linguistic re-composition are directly targeted. Implications that spring from the proposed datings are outlined with a view on how these could affect the discussion of the cultural functions and of the historical development of Middle Egyptian literature. Beyond dating, the book is more broadly a study of the language of Middle Egyptian literature, of differences internal to this tradition, and of how it productively relates to other written discourses on linguistic levels as much as on semantic ones.
Egyptian language --- Egyptian literature --- Texts --- Egypt --- History --- Conferences - Meetings --- Egyptian language - Texts --- Egyptian literature - Texts --- Egypt - History - Middle Kingdom, ca. 2180-ca. 1551 B.C.
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The study concerns passive voice in Earlier Egyptian (Old and Middle Egyptian combined), providing a text-based description of the relevant forms and constructions, and of their functions in discourse. It is argued that the passive is not merely a symmetrical pendant to the active, but a complex domain of its own, morphologically, semantically, and in terms of its discourse functions. This is manifest for example in the morphological types of inflectional passives, the productivity of subjectless passive constructions of various sorts, or the interaction of the passive with stative/resultative voice. Passive voice further interacts with aspect: in the unaccomplished, the passive has fewer forms than the active, while in the accomplished a reverse situation is observed. The two inflectional passives in the accomplished—the perfective V-passive (the ‘sDm(w)=f’) and the T-passive of the sDm.n=f (the sDm.n.t=f)—are thus shown to contrast with one another in principled semantic, not syntactic, ways. Major changes affecting passive voice during the history of Earlier Egyptian are discussed: the loss of the prospective V-passive, the spread of T-passives over the perfective V-passive in various environments, and the rise of an ‘impersonal’ subject pronoun .tw out of an inflectional passive marker. The last, a rare change and an instance of de-grammaticalization, is analyzed in details in terms of the processes involved and of the particular intra-linguistic situation that made it possible. Broadening the perspective, relevant elements of the Semitic background are evoked.
Egyptian language --- Afroasiatic languages --- Passive voice --- Voice --- Verb --- Egyptian language - Passive voice --- Egyptian language - Voice --- Egyptian language - Verb
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"(Auto-)biography is a genre of ancient Egyptian written discourse that was central to high culture from its earliest periods. Belonging to the nonroyal elites, these texts present aspects of individual lives and experience, sometimes as narratives of key events, sometimes as characterizations of personal qualities. Egyptian (auto-)biographies offer a unique opportunity to examine the ways in which individuals fashioned distinctive selves for display and the significance of the physical, religious, and social contexts they selected. The present volume brings together specialists from a range of relevant periods, approaches, and interests. The studies collected here examine Egyptian (auto-)biographies from a variety of complementary perspectives: 1. Anthropological and Contrastive Perspectives; 2. The Original Old Kingdom Settings; 3. Text Format and Language; 4. Social Dimensions; and 5. Religious Experience"--
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Schrift scheint allgegenwärtig. Mitunter wird sie als ein definierendes Merkmal von "Zivilisation" gepriesen, in der Vergangenheit wie in der Gegenwart gilt sie als identitätsstiftend. Eben diese "Evidenz" verdeckt, dass Schrift keineswegs selbstverständlich gegeben ist. Schrift wurde an verschieden Orten und zu verschiedenen Zeiten ohne Ableitung aus bereits bestehenden Schriften, "neu" geschaffen: zuerst und etwa zeitgleich im späten Vierten Jahrtausend im südlichen Zweistromland und im ägyptischen Niltal. Primäre Schriftentstehungsprozesse sind von sekundären Schriftentstehungsprozessen grundlegend verschieden. Nur in sekundären Schrifterfindungen hatte man schon eine Vorstellung von dem graphonetischen System "Schrift". Die Schöpfer der primären Schriften konnten hingegen auf kein Modell von "Schrift" zurückgreifen, erschufen also ein neues Medienobjekt, das erst im Prozeß zu "Schrift" werden sollte. In vorliegendem Band werden Wege zur frühen Schrift im Niltal und im Zweistromland besprochen. Die Gegenüberstellung von Niltal und Zweistromland während des Vierten und frühen Dritten Jahrtausends entspricht dem Geiste eines kontrastiven Komparatismus: nicht um ein gemeinsames Narrativ zu schaffen, sondern um Fragestellungen zu schärfen; aber auch um verschiedenen Entwicklungsstränge, die zur "Schrifterfindung" führten, zu erkennen. Die Akteure handelten seinerzeit polyphon im Horizont ihrer polyphon-mehrschichtigen Gesellschaft. Die in den Beiträgen angesprochenen Themenkreise sind entsprechend divers und polyphon: frühe Schrift als visuelle Kommunikation und als Abbildung von Sprache; Kontexte, Akteure und Handlungsräume früher Schrift; Materialität und Formate der Schriftträger; Experimente, graphische Varianz, Norm und Standardisierung; distinktive graphische Ideologien usw. Dabei sind unsere Wege, die wir zeitlich in umgekehrte Richtung gehen, nicht nur wegen der lückenhaften Beleglage holprig, sondern auch, weil das betroffene Objekt - "frühe Schrift" im starken Sinne - von dem uns vertrauten Objekt - "Schrift" (als naturalisierte Evidenz) - wesentlich verschieden ist.
Akkadien (langue) --- Écriture cunéiforme --- Sumérien (langue) --- Écriture --- Akkadian language --- Cuneiform writing --- Sumerian language --- Writing --- Écriture. --- Histoire. --- History --- Égypte --- Mésopotamie --- Écriture cunéiforme --- Sumérien (langue) --- Écriture --- Écriture. --- Égypte --- Mésopotamie
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This volume is the outcome of a workshop on Ancient Egyptian syntax held in Liège in 2011. The contributions deal with several central topics in syntactic analysis – like coordination, control and raising, gradience, or non-expression of participants – but also investigate the relationship between syntax and other domains, from morphology to pragmatics, with special attention to construction types and grammaticalization processes. The studies cover the whole Ancient Egyptian corpus, from Old Egyptian down to Coptic, in both synchronic and diachronic perspectives. All of the papers share a common concern, namely, the relationship between form and function in Ancient Egyptian grammar. As such, the papers go beyond the descriptive level and address numerous stimulating ‘why?’ questions.
Egyptian language --- Grammar --- Afroasiatic languages --- Syntax --- Egyptian language - Grammar - Congresses --- Egyptian language - Syntax - Congresses
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This book provides an innovative analysis of the conditions of ancient Egyptian craftsmanship in the light of the archaeology of production, linguistic analysis, visual representation and ethnographic research. During the past decades, the “imaginative” figure of ancient Egyptian material producers has moved from “workers” to “artisans” and, most recently, to “artists." In a search for a fuller understanding of the pragmatics of material production in past societies, and moving away from a series of modern preconceptions, this volume aims to analyze the mechanisms of material production in Egypt during the Middle Bronze Age (2000–1550 BC); to approach the profile of ancient Egyptian craftsmen through their own words, images, and artifacts; and to trace possible modes of circulation of ideas among craftsmen in material production.
Egypt --- History --- Antiquities. --- Handicraft --- Material culture --- Social archaeology --- Art égyptien --- Artisans --- Thèmes, motifs --- Thèmes, motifs. --- Handicraft industries --- Ancient Egypt
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Arts --- Arts, Fine --- Arts, Occidental --- Arts, Western --- Fine arts --- Humanities --- Arts, Primitive --- Egypt --- History --- Antiquities.
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