Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

During the Victorian period, the practice of science shifted from a religious context to a naturalistic one. It is generally assumed that this shift occurred because naturalistic science was distinct from and superior to theistic science. Yet as Huxley's Church and Maxwell's Demon reveals, most of the methodological values underlying scientific practice were virtually identical for the theists and the naturalists: each agreed on the importance of the uniformity of natural laws, the use of hypothesis and theory, the moral value of science, and intellectual freedom. But if scientific naturalism did not rise to dominance because of its methodological superiority, then how did it triumph? Matthew Stanley explores the overlap and shift between theistic and naturalistic science through a parallel study of two major scientific figures: James Clerk Maxwell, a devout Christian physicist, and Thomas Henry Huxley, the iconoclast biologist who coined the word agnostic. Both were deeply engaged in the methodological, institutional, and political issues that were crucial to the theistic-naturalistic transformation. What Stanley's analysis of these figures reveals is that the scientific naturalists executed a number of strategies over a generation to gain control of the institutions of scientific education and to reimagine the history of their discipline. Rather than a sudden revolution, the similarity between theistic and naturalistic science allowed for a relatively smooth transition in practice from the old guard to the new.

Science --- Physicists --- Physical scientists --- History --- Maxwell, James Clerk, --- Huxley, Thomas Henry, --- 赫胥黎 --- Maksvell, Dzhems Klerk, --- Maxwell, J. Clerk --- Maxwell, J. C. --- Maxwell, Clerk, --- Maksvell, Dzheĭms Klerk, --- science, religion, victorian, history, naturalism, natural laws, theory, hypothesis, scientific method, intellectual freedom, james clerk maxwell, christianity, agnosticism, thomas henry huxley, physicists, england, working mens college, education, free will, class, nonfiction, theism, secularism, creation, evolution, nature, knowledge, investigation, methodology, environmentalism, biography, scientists.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

From the Gilded Age through the Progressive era, labour movements reinterpreted Abraham Lincoln as a liberator of working people while workers equated activism with their own service fighting for freedom during the war. Matthew E. Stanley explores the wide-ranging meanings and diverse imagery used by Civil War veterans within the sprawling radical politics of the time. As he shows, a rich world of rituals, songs, speeches, and newspapers emerged among the many strains of working class cultural politics within the labour movement. Yet tensions arose even among allies. Some people rooted Civil War commemoration in nationalism and reform, and in time, these conservative currents marginalized radical workers who tied their remembering to revolution, internationalism, and socialism.

Labor movement --- Working class --- Radicalism --- Right and left (Political science) --- History --- United States --- E-books

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

'The Loyal West' examines identity and memory among Union soldiers and veterans in the Lower Middle West, a previously overlooked region.

Borderlands --- Reconstruction (U.S. history, 1865-1877) --- History --- United States --- Ohio --- Indiana --- Illinois --- Ohio River Valley --- History --- Social aspects. --- History, Local --- History, Local --- History, Local --- History --- Social aspects.