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Threats of force are a common feature of international politics, advocated by some as an economical guarantee against the outbreak of war and condemned by others as a recipe for war. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter forbids states to use threats of force, yet the meaning of the prohibition is unclear. This book provides the first comprehensive appraisal of the no-threat principle: its origin, underlying rationale, theoretical implications, relevant jurisprudence, and how it has withstood the test of time from 1945 to the present. Based on a systematic evaluation of state and United Nations practices, the book identifies what constitutes a threat of force and when its use is justified under the United Nations Charter. In so doing, it relates the no-threat principle to important concepts of the twentieth century, such as deterrence, escalation, crisis management, and what has been aptly described as the 'diplomacy of violence'.
Ultimatums (International relations) --- Aggression (International law) --- Crimes against peace. --- Incitement to war --- Peace, Crimes against --- War, Incitement to --- War propaganda --- Crime --- Peace --- International law --- Ultimatums --- International relations --- 820 Internationale betrekkingen --- 821.4 Internationale rechtspraak --- Aggression (International law). --- Ultimatums (International relations). --- Ultimatums. --- Aggression (International law ) --- Law --- General and Others
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This book builds an understanding of what systems are and how they can be described mathematically. In the context of natural science, this knowledge is of great importance. The intended audience are students in applied sciences such as earth and environmental science, geoecology, environmental chemistry and forestry. The focus is on the methods of modeling, with the aim to let readers develop models of their own as well as analyze the properties of models they encounter. Numerous practical examples from the environmental sciences illustrate the concepts, and exercises accompany each chapter. The book is written so as to be easily understandable and includes humorous cartoons. There is no derivation of mathematical formulas or technical description of modeling software. It does, however, require an understanding of calculus for the reader to apply the mathematical methods it introduces.
Biological assay. --- Environmental impact analysis. --- Mathematical models. --- Biological systems --- System analysis --- Biology --- Geology --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Geography --- Biology - General --- Geology - General --- Mathematical models --- System analysis. --- Network theory --- Systems analysis --- Earth sciences. --- Environmental sciences. --- Earth Sciences. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Math. Appl. in Environmental Science. --- Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics. --- Network analysis --- Network science --- System theory --- Mathematical optimization --- Geography. --- Environmental science --- Science --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Models, Mathematical --- Simulation methods --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences
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