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The threat of force in international law
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ISBN: 1107181380 1281086045 9786611086046 1139132792 0511350872 0511494335 0511349114 0511348142 0511349971 9780511349973 9780511349119 9780511494338 9780521873888 0521873886 9780521133616 0521133610 9780521133616 Year: 2007 Publisher: Cambridge Cambridge University Press

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Threats of force are a common feature of international politics, advocated by some as an economical guarantee against the outbreak of war and condemned by others as a recipe for war. Article 2(4) of the United Nations Charter forbids states to use threats of force, yet the meaning of the prohibition is unclear. This book provides the first comprehensive appraisal of the no-threat principle: its origin, underlying rationale, theoretical implications, relevant jurisprudence, and how it has withstood the test of time from 1945 to the present. Based on a systematic evaluation of state and United Nations practices, the book identifies what constitutes a threat of force and when its use is justified under the United Nations Charter. In so doing, it relates the no-threat principle to important concepts of the twentieth century, such as deterrence, escalation, crisis management, and what has been aptly described as the 'diplomacy of violence'.


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Introduction to systems analysis : mathematically modeling natural systems
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 3642306381 3642430503 364230639X Year: 2013 Publisher: Berlin ; New York : Springer,

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This book builds an understanding of what systems are and how they can be described mathematically. In the context of natural science, this knowledge is of great importance. The intended audience are students in applied sciences such as earth and environmental science, geoecology, environmental chemistry and forestry. The focus is on the methods of modeling, with the aim to let readers develop models of their own as well as analyze the properties of models they encounter. Numerous practical examples from the environmental sciences illustrate the concepts, and exercises accompany each chapter. The book is written so as to be easily understandable and includes humorous cartoons. There is no derivation of mathematical formulas or technical description of modeling software. It does, however, require an understanding of calculus for the reader to apply the mathematical methods it introduces.

Systemanalyse : Einführung in die mathematische Modellierung natürlicher Systeme
Authors: --- ---
ISBN: 3540439358 Year: 2003 Publisher: Berlin : Springer,

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