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Dissertation
Vroegtijdige verwijzing naar multidisciplinaire chronische nierziekteklinieken : medische en economische analyse met behulp van een Markov-model.
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Year: 2005 Publisher: Leuven K.U.Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Dissertation
Bone Marrow-derived Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells As Cell-based Immunosuppression Therapy In Kidney Transplant Recipients: Hype Or Hope
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) are non-haematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow stroma. They have the potential to modulate immune responses and exhibit a capacity to promote immune tolerance. Although the efficacy of immunosuppressive drugs has improved significantly, thereby ameliorating renal graft outcome, the use of these drugs still carries an increased risk of malignancies and opportunistic infections and sometimes fail to prevent chronic allograft rejection or recurrence of the original kidney disease. As such, there is strong interest in other ways to induce immune tolerance and thereby tempering or avoiding conventional immunosuppressive drugs. Cellular immunomodulation by MSCs can create a new way to induce transplant tolerance. This review will give a critical overview of the use of BM-MSCs as a cell-based immunosuppression therapy in kidney transplant recipients. METHODS A literature overview of the PubMed database was conducted. RESULTS In vitro studies revealed several mechanisms that can clarify the immunomodulatory potential of BM- MSCs. Several clinical studies showed that BM-MSCs can modulate T-cell proliferation and can alter the ratio of T-cell subsets, favoring immune tolerance. This immunomodulation was often not associated with better clinical outcome during follow-up when compared to control groups. Some clinical studies found that BM-MSCs allow a reduction in dose of conventional immunosuppressive drugs and prevent acute graft dysfunction. Most clinical studies emphasized that BM-MSC infusion was safe. CONCLUSION This review suggests that the use of BM-MSCs as cell-based immunosuppression therapy in kidney transplant recipients has potential, however some caution regarding their clinical use is appropriate. Mechanisms by which BM-MSCs induce transplant tolerance and factors that can alter their functionality need to be analyzed in more detail before clinical use.

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Dissertation
Differentation of thrombotic microangiopathy after renal transplantation
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Thrombotic microangiopathy(TMA) can occur as an initial manifestation after kidney transplantation(KTX) without prior TMA history. This condition is known as de novo TMA after KTX(KTA-TMA) and is the main subject of this literature study. The incidence of KTA-TMA ranges in different studies from 0.8 % to 15 %. KTA-TMA originates due to multiple causes leading to endothelial injury. Causes of KTA-TMA include antibody mediated reaction(ABMR), infections and usage of immunosuppressants and non-immunosuppressive drugs. A subset of KTA-TMA patients has an underlying dysregulated alternative complement pathway and are defined as patients with de novo atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome(aHUS). Clinical presentation of KTA-TMA ranges from renal limited TMA with hypertension, slow renal function decline and proteinuria to systemic TMA with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury. Diagnostic confirmation is by allograft biopsy and histologic demonstration of endothelial injury. Differential diagnoses include thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura(TTP), shiga toxin associated hemolytic uremic syndrome(STEC-HUS) and TMA associated with glomerular diseases, autoimmune diseases, malignant hypertension, malignancies and pregnancy. KTA-TMA Management consists of supportive care and therapy for the cause of KTA-TMA. Therapeutic plasma exchange(TPE), intravenous immunoglobulin(IV Ig) and steroids are added in case of severe allograft dysfunction or systemic TMA. De novo aHUS is identified by positive TMA history, relapsing TMA, Persistence of TMA despite therapy, TPE dependency, exclusion of KTA-TMA causes and positive complement tests. Eculizumab is an established treatment for de novo aHUS. Allograft loss rate in KTA-TMA ranges from 30 % to 50 % and KTA-TMA mortality rate is 50 %.

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Dissertation
Monoklonale gammopathie na niertransplantatie: prevalentie en klinisch belang
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Year: 2016 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) komt frequent voor na transplantatie maar de betekenis hiervan is tot op heden onduidelijk. In deze studie werd dit onderzocht, zowel op basis van de huidige wetenschappelijke literatuur als op basis van de transplantpopulatie binnen het UZ Leuven. Dit laatste onderzoek was tweedelig. Ten eerste werd bij 306 niertransplantpatiënten een screening naar MGUS uitgevoerd via serum eiwitelektroforese en immunofixatie op serum en urine. Daarnaast werd er ook retrospectief gekeken naar de aanwezigheid van MGUS bij 63 patiënten met post-transplantatie lymfoproliferatieve ziekte (PTLD). Samenvattend besluiten wij dat de aanwezigheid van MGUS vooraf geen contra-indicatie vormt voor transplantatie. Na transplantatie komt MGUS frequent voor, met een prevalentie van 14,8% in de onderzochte populatie. Vermoedelijk ontstaat ze door een combinatie van verminderde immuuncontrole en de aanwezigheid van een laaggradige virale infectie. In de literatuur wordt beschreven dat MGUS na transplantatie vaak transiënt is maar daarnaast ook een voorloper kan zijn van PTLD of multipele myeloom. Binnen de PTLD-populatie van het UZ Leuven constateerden wij eveneens een verhoogd voorkomen van MGUS op het moment van diagnose. Verdere studies zijn zeker nodig om het ontstaansmechanisme en de klinische betekenis van MGUS na transplantatie beter te begrijpen.

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Dissertation
Efficiency and risks of adoptive lymphocyte therapy for induction of graft-versus-leukemia responses after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: studies in mice.
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Year: 2010 Publisher: Leuven KUL. Faculteit geneeskunde

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Dissertation
Tolerance induction protocols for kidney transplantation: a literature review
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Tolerance induction is the ultimate goal in transplantation medicine as this would obviate the need for chronic immunosuppressing agents, as well as the associated comorbidities and the diminish in QOL. In the past two decades several different induction protocols have been reported on allograft tolerance in kidney transplant recipients. Unsurprisingly in the early years these induction protocols were solely for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched patients with or without hematological disease. However, currently we see the inclusion of HLA- mismatched patients. To date no clinical trial concerning deceased tolerance induction has been conducted on humans. This review article will focus on the main induction protocols and how they line up next to each other. Subsequently the financial impact of these protocols and their specific obstacles will be studied. In addition, the possibility of adapting these protocols towards delayed tolerance induction will be discussed. This review article focusses on these different aspects mainly to enhance awareness about the possibility of tolerance induction and what benefits these new treatments bring to the table.

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Dissertation
Diagnosis of de novo thrombotic microangiopathy after kidney transplantation
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2016 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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ABSTRACT Backround: De novo trombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare but severe complication following kidney transplantation. A high clinical index of suspicion is essential to allow early treatment, as TMA remains a challenging diagnosis. Currently there are no generally accepted diagnostic criteria for TMA after kidney transplantation (KTA-TMA). Aim: This retrospective study aims (i) to determine the incidence of post-transplant de novo TMA in a large cohort of kidney transplants, (ii) to evaluate the clinical and biochemical features, and outcome in this group of patients and (iii) to define a reliable protocol to diagnose TMA based on the results of this study combined with a review of the available literature. Methods: From June 1980 to August 2015, all kidney transplant patients were included with either thrombi on a post-transplant renal allograft biopsy or patients with a coded diagnosis of TMA/Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)/Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) post-transplantation in the database of the Department of Nephrology of the University Hospitals Leuven. We retrospectively reviewed the medical files of 67 patients. All patients with recurrent TMA (HUS or TTP in native kidney) were excluded from the analysis. Results: The incidence of de novo KTA-TMA was 2,2% with graft failure within one year of diagnosis in 32% of the patients. Based on the literature overview and our retrospective study we identified early clinical and biochemical markers and proposed a simple protocol to raising awareness about KTA-TMA. Conclusion: A large prospective study to further evaluate the clinical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of KTA-TMA is needed.

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Dissertation
Regulatory T cells to induce allograft tolerance: are we there yet?
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2019 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Acquiring a state of allograft tolerance in kidney transplant recipients allows the withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents while benefiting allograft survival. The use of regulatory T cells (Tregs), a T cell subset characterized by its CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ expression profile, as a tolerizing therapy holds enormous potential within the transplantation immunology. However, their reported capability of switching to a proinflammatory phenotype under certain circumstances alerted safety concerns. The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is essential for the developmental differentiation and maintenance of the suppressive function of these Tregs. Keeping its expression high might prevent this described phenotypical conversion. We conducted a literature search to identify FOXP3-stabilizing agents while also addressing the latest research concerning the identification and clinical application of Tregs. Recent progress towards some technical challenges such as the need for purification of uncontaminated Tregs from peripheral blood or generating functional Tregs through standardized expanding procedures are discussed. Interleukin-2, vitamin C, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and several other agents displayed stabilizing activity on the FOXP3 expression, resulting in an increased Tregs activity and improved graft survival. Several approaches to cellular therapy with Tregs are currently being researched, with promising results in the first clinical trials.

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Dissertation
Primary membranous nephropathy: a shift towards serology-based disease management

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Primary membranous nephropathy (pMN) is an immune complex-mediated glomerulopathy and the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. About 30% of patients show progressive disease with high risk for long-term development of renal failure and therefore require immunosuppressive treatment. Classic clinical parameters (i.e., proteinuria, serum creatinine) are not always able to accurately identify this high-risk subgroup. The recent discovery of the PLA2-R and THSD7A auto-antibodies in the pathophysiology of pMN provides new possibilities in diagnosis and disease management. The use of PLA2-R and THSD7A antibodies in the diagnosis of pMN might obviate the need for renal biopsy in a subgroup of patients. The PLA2-R antibody titer is also a more sensitive and accurate biomarker for immunological disease activity in pMN, compared to proteinuria and serum creatinine. Baseline and serial titer measurements have a prognostic value and can guide the decision to start immunosuppression. During immunosuppressive treatment, repeated titer measurements can tailor treatment-plan. Persistent or rising antibodies at therapy-completion or at later follow-up have a bad prognosis and predict an impending relapse. High titers at transplantation may possibly increase the risk of pMN recurrence. Persistent or increasing titers after transplantation warrant a renal biopsy and possible treatment with rituximab. Although this new serology-based approach holds great promise, future research still has to confirm its superiority compared to the traditional approach.

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Dissertation
Immunotactoïde Glomerulopathie
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2016 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde

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Immunotactoïde glomerulopathie (ITG) is een zeldzame vorm van glomerulonefritis, gekarakteriseerd door aanwezigheid van deposities op lichtmicroscopie die Congo rood negatief zijn op lichtmicroscopie en immunofluorescentie en de aanwezigheid van parallelle microtubulaire structuren op elektronmicroscopie met een diameter van 10-90 nm. De voornaamste symptomen bestaan uit hypertensie, (microscopische) hematurie, symptoomloze proteïnurie tot nefrotisch syndroom en chronische nierinsufficiëntie, mogelijk evoluerend naar terminaal nierfalen. ITG wordt gecategoriseerd onder de gestructureerde glomerulopathieën waarbij het aanbrengen van onderscheid met fibrillaire glomerulonefritis (FG), amyloïdose en cryoglobulinemie een complex proces is. De ziekte kan idiopathisch of viraal geïnduceerd zijn maar in de meerderheid van de gevallen ligt er een onderliggende hematologische aandoening aan ten grondslag. Deze ziekte kan een maligne zijn maar is veelal benigne van aard. Voor deze laatste groep is de term 'monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance' (MGRS) geïntroduceerd om het belang van de weerslag op de nierfunctie te benadrukken. Vroege detectie is primordiaal voor de prognose maar niet altijd evident. Vanwege de afwezigheid van RCT’s is de huidige therapie voor ITG gebaseerd op empirische data. De keuze van medicamenteuze behandeling is afhankelijk van de onderliggende ziekte en nierfunctie. Bij eindstadium nierfalen is dialyse of niertransplantatie vereist. In geval van niertransplantatie is het belangrijk om hematologische complete remissie te bereiken en te handhaven om terugval te voorkomen. Onderzoek naar de samenstelling van de deposities toont substraatverschillen aan en opent mogelijk de weg naar toekomstige therapiedoelwitten. Het doel van dit review artikel is om de voornaamste en meest recente evidentie te bespreken met betrekking tot deze nieraandoening. Enerzijds hebben wij recentelijk in samenwerking met Nederlandse centra een database gevormd met alle ITG patiënten. Anderzijds hebben we consensus bereikt voor de diagnostische work up en beogen we adviezen te geven voor de behandeling. Trefwoordenlijst: Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy, Immunotactoid Gomerulonephritis, Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance, Proteomic Analysis Glomerulopathy

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