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Over the last 50 years, language policy has developed into a major discipline, drawing on research and practice in many nations and at many levels. This is the first Handbook to deal with language policy as a whole and is a complete 'state-of-the-field' survey, covering language practices, beliefs about language varieties, and methods and agencies for language management. It provides a historical background which traces the development of classical language planning, describes activities associated with indigenous and endangered languages, and contains chapters on imperialism, colonialism, effects of migration and globalization, and educational policy. It also evaluates language management agencies, analyzes language activism and looks at language cultivation (including reform of writing systems, orthography and modernized terminology). The definitive guide to the subject, it will be welcomed by students, researchers and language professionals in linguistics, education and politics.

Sociolinguistics --- Language policy --- Language policy. --- Politique linguistique --- Glottopolitics --- Institutional linguistics --- Language and languages --- Language and state --- Languages, National --- Languages, Official --- National languages --- Official languages --- State and language --- Communication policy --- Language planning --- Government policy --- Politique linguistique. --- Language and languages. --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics

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Education --- Language and languages --- Linguistics --- Sociolinguistics --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Children --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Schools --- Teaching --- Training --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects

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Education, Bilingual --- -Minorities --- -Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Bilingual education --- Bilingualism --- Multilingual education --- Education --- -Education, Bilingual --- Minorities --- Acquisition du langage --- Minorites linguistiques

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Language policy is an issue of critical importance in the world today. In this introduction, Bernard Spolsky explores many debates at the forefront of language policy: ideas of correctness and bad language; bilingualism and multilingualism; language death and efforts to preserve endangered languages; language choice as a human and civil right; and language education policy. Through looking at the language practices, beliefs and management of social groups from families to supra-national organizations, he develops a theory of modern national language policy and the major forces controlling it, such as the demands for efficient communication, the pressure for national identity, the attractions of (and resistance to) English as a global language, and the growing concern for human and civil rights as they impinge on language. Two central questions asked in this wide-ranging survey are of how to recognize language policies, and whether or not language can be managed at all.

Language planning --- Language policy --- Glottopolitics --- Institutional linguistics --- Language and languages --- Language and state --- Languages, National --- Languages, Official --- National languages --- Official languages --- State and language --- Communication policy --- Planned language change --- Sociolinguistics --- Government policy --- Planning --- Language planning. --- Language policy. --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics

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Until quite recently, the term Diaspora (usually with the capital) meant the dispersion of the Jews in many parts of the world. Now, it is recognized that many other groups have built communities distant from their homeland, such as Overseas Chinese, South Asians, Romani, Armenians, Syrian and Palestinian Arabs. To explore the effect of exile of language repertoires, the article traces the sociolinguistic development of the many Jewish Diasporas, starting with the community exiled to Babylon, and following through exiles in Muslim and Christian countries in the Middle Ages and later. It presents the changes that occurred linguistically after Jews were granted full citizenship. It then goes into details about the phenomenon and problem of the Jewish return to the homeland, the revitalization and revernacularization of the Hebrew that had been a sacred and literary language, and the rediasporization that accounts for the cases of maintenance of Diaspora varieties.

Language and languages. --- Emmigration and immigration. --- Refugees. --- Ethnicity. --- Ethnic identity --- Group identity --- Cultural fusion --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural pluralism --- Displaced persons --- Persons --- Aliens --- Deportees --- Exiles --- Foreign languages --- Languages --- Anthropology --- Communication --- Ethnology --- Information theory --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Philology --- Linguistics