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Viet Nam has made substantial progress in the transition to a market economy and toward financial stability since economic reform began in 1986. Piecemeal measures were adopted at first, followed by the launching of a bold and comprehensive program of structural reform in March 1989. Complemented by policies designed to achieve financial stabilization, the program met early success. Its continuation, however, was put at risk by the withdrawal of external financing by the former Soviet Union and the breakdown of preferential arrangements with the CMEA area. Although economic performance weakened temporarily in the wake of these shocks, the Vietnamese intensified the adjustment process. Viet Nam has since resumed its progress toward financial stability and sustained growth.
Banking --- Banks and Banking --- Banks and banking --- Banks --- Civil service & public sector --- Commercial banks --- Currency --- Depository Institutions --- Economic sectors --- Exchange rates --- Finance, Public --- Financial institutions --- Foreign Exchange --- Foreign exchange --- Government business enterprises --- Macroeconomics --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Nationalization --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Public Enterprises --- Public enterprises --- Public ownership --- Public sector --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies: Performance and Prospects --- Vietnam
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Recent success of the Spanish economy is frequently attributed to the benefits from economic integration into the European Community, which Spain joined in 1986. By contrast, this paper takes the view that, to a large extent, the origins of success may be traced back to earlier years and that the benefits from EC membership are best seen as reinforcing favorable trends already in effect. Exploring Spain’s economic development from a longer-run perspective, with emphasis on interaction of events at home and abroad, the paper assesses the financial and structural policy record for its contributions to success. Most significant are the “orthodox” stabilization and reform program under the auspices of the Fund in 1959, the “heterodox” adjustment program pursued on transition to democracy in 1977 and the differences in the response of policy to the oil crises of the early and late 1970s. On the whole, the approach to financial stabilization was radical, and that to structural reform gradual. The paper concludes that by mid-1980 Spain had largely accomplished the transition to a modern economy and prospects were favorable for sustainable expansion over the medium term. The mutually reinforcing effects of those circumstances and the subsequent process of integration into the EC spurred the further progress of Spain.
Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Labor Economics: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Government debt management --- Oil prices --- Real wages --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Debts, Public --- Labor economics --- Economic theory --- Spain --- Income economics
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International economic relations --- Vietnam --- Mixed economy --- Economie mixte --- Viêt-nam --- Economic conditions --- Economic policy --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- -338.24 <597.7> --- 338.24 <497> --- 338 <597> --- economie de marche libre --- economie mixte --- politique economique --- situation economique --- vietnam --- VN / Vietnam --- 339.113 --- 333.825 --- 331.30 --- 338.70 --- 333.841 --- 333.481 --- 338.047 --- 331.33 --- 333.451.1 --- 330.05 --- 338.9597 --- Economy, Mixed --- Third way (Economics) --- Capitalism --- Socialism --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Noord Vietnam --- Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Balkanstaten --- Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Vietnam --- vrije markteconomie --- gemengde economie --- economisch beleid --- economische toestand --- Buitenlandse investeringen. --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies. --- Economische toestand. --- Industrieën : Algemeenheden. Structuur en evolutie van de industrie. --- Inflatie. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie. --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik. --- Wisselkoersen. --- -Economic conditions. --- Economic policy. --- Working papers --- 338 <597> Economische situatie. Economische structuur van bepaalde landen en gebieden. Economische geografie. Economische produktie.economische produkten. Economische diensten--Vietnam --- 338.24 <497> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Balkanstaten --- 338.24 <597.7> Instrumenten van de economische politiek. Economische orde. Economisch politieke maatregelen. Stabilisering. Stimuleringsmaatregelen. Regulering. Financiele steunmaatregelen--Noord Vietnam --- Viêt-nam --- Conditions économiques --- Politique économique --- 338.24 <597.7> --- Economische toestand --- Structureel beleid. Reglementering. Dereglementering. Ordnungspolitik --- Wisselkoersen --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies --- Inflatie --- Privé en openbare bedrijven. Openbare diensten. Gemengde economie --- Industrieën : Algemeenheden. Structuur en evolutie van de industrie --- Buitenlandse investeringen --- Mixed economy - Vietnam --- Vietnam - Economic policy --- Vietnam - Economic conditions - 1975 --- -Mixed economy --- -Mixed economy - Vietnam
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The paper explores the pattern of transition of the Vietnamese economy, the policies that were applied, and the reasons for the country's success. In particular, it focuses on output performance; state-owned enterprises; foreign direct investment; determinants of inflation; dollarization and problems of economic management; international integration and exchange rate policy; growth and diversification of trade, trade reform, exchange reform, and exchange rate policy.
Mixed economy --- Vietnam --- Economic policy. --- Economic conditions --- Economy, Mixed --- Third way (Economics) --- Capitalism --- Socialism --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Agriculture: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Finance --- Monetary economics --- Exchange rates --- Foreign direct investment --- Agricultural sector --- Exchange rate policy --- Prices --- Balance of payments --- Economic sectors --- Investments, Foreign --- Agricultural industries --- Industries --- Foreign exchange market
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