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How did Britain's most prominent armaments firms, Armstrongs and Vickers, build their businesses and sell armaments in Britain and overseas from 1855 to 1955? Joanna Spear presents a comparative analysis of these firms and considers the relationships they built with the British Government and foreign states. She reveals how the firms developed and utilized independent domestic strategies and foreign policies against the backdrop of imperial expansion and the two world wars. Using extensive new research, this study examines the challenges the two firms faced in making domestic and international sales including the British Government's commitment to laissez faire policies, prejudices within the British elite against those in trade, and departmental resistance to dealing with private firms. It shows the suite of strategies and tactics that the firms developed to overcome these obstacles to selling arms at home and abroad and how they built enduring relationships with states in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East.

Weapons industry --- International trade --- Arms transfers --- Imperialism --- History. --- Vickers (Firm : Great Britain) --- Arms sales --- Arms traffic --- Foreign military sales --- Military sales --- Munitions --- Sale of military equipment --- Arms race --- Defense industries --- Military assistance --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Arms industry --- Military weapons industry --- Munitions industry --- Vickers Limited --- Vickers plc --- Vickers Group --- Vickers Group of Companies --- Vickers, Sons & Maxim (Firm)

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Great Britain

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Violent conflict is the multifaceted and cyclical problem that the international community is trying to grapple with. To date, there has been a clear hierarchy concerning what forms of violence are seen to matter most, with political violence that threatens the state taking pole position. In examining this argument, this paper sets out a number of issues relating to security and justice definitions. It will then examine some of the problems associated with placing conflict into a box-set typology: mass violence associated with war and genocide carries unique features but also spawns new challenges which are often being ignored. The paper will then examine in brief some of the measures used by communities, governmental actors and international partners in contending with violence before outlining some key conclusions and recommendations. In reading this paper two further points need be borne in mind: 1) this does not provide a comprehensive overview of violence and security - that is the role of the World Development Report (WDR) itself, and 2) this paper does not present fresh research, but more an overview, along with the other papers in the security-justice series, of some of the key issues confronting policy makers in the domain of security and development.

Accountability --- Armed Forces --- Arms Control --- Children and Youth --- Cocaine --- Conflict and Development --- Corruption --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Crime and Society --- Democracies --- Drugs --- Elections --- Extortion --- Financial Management --- Genocide --- Homicide --- Human Rights --- Incarceration --- International Donors --- Judicial Reform --- Judiciary --- Law and Development --- Law Enforcement --- Law Enforcement Systems --- Leadership --- Legal Framework --- Mediation --- Mental Health --- Military Reform --- Needs Assessment --- Organized Crime --- Peacebuilding --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Privatization --- Public Health --- Refugees --- Rehabilitation --- Rule of Law --- Social Conflict and Violence --- Social Development --- Sovereignty --- Terrorism --- Transparency --- Violence --- Youth

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World politics

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