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The book discusses the demographic changes in Muslim countries. It thereby focuses on topics such as the demographic dividend and the demographic transition, labour market challenges, health care, universal education and gender issues. These challenges are addressed at a country level and include policy implications for the large majority of the Muslim countries covered in this book. Moreover, political consequences for Europe with respect to the integration of Muslims are presented to the reader.

Islamic countries -- Economic policy. --- Islamic countries -- Population -- Statistics. --- Islamic countries -- Population. --- Islamic countries -- Social policy. --- Business & Economics --- Demography --- Islamic countries --- Population. --- Muslim countries --- Social sciences. --- Economic policy. --- Social policy. --- Development economics. --- Emigration and immigration. --- Demography. --- Social Sciences. --- Population Economics. --- Development Economics. --- Economic Policy. --- Migration. --- Social Policy. --- National planning --- State planning --- Economic policy --- Family policy --- Social history --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- Economics --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Economic development --- Human population --- Human populations --- Population growth --- Populations, Human --- Human ecology --- Sociology --- Malthusianism --- Historical demography --- Social sciences --- Population --- Vital statistics --- Immigration --- International migration --- Migration, International --- Population geography --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Colonization --- Migration --- Islamic countries - Population --- Islamic countries - Population - Statistics

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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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With the emerging international competition to attract highly skilled migrants, the determinants of their choice of residential location are increasing in importance. Besides expected wages and job opportunities, the costs of migration and the subjective evaluation of a location, two other factors help determine the expected net return from migration: taxes and network effects. Yet empirical research on the effects of these two factors and their interaction on highly skilled migration is lacking. The aim of this paper is to throw some empirical light on the role of these two factors via a case study of Switzerland. For several reasons, Switzerland is a particularly interesting case study for this task. Tax rates are primarily determined at the local level and thus enough variation exists to analyse their influence on migration. Furthermore, in contrast to other European countries, Switzerland has pursued a fairly liberal immigration policy and maintains a unique permit system that has become increasingly skills-focused: more than 35% of all persons with a university degree resident in Switzerland are immigrants. Analysis of the 2000 Swiss census data provides evidence for fiscally-induced migration within Switzerland, particularly with respect to a location choice of highly skilled immigrants.

Social Issues/Migration/Health

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Most of today’s Western societies will likely face problems considering work and retirement. While life expectancy increased steadily, the fertility rate mostly declined, resulting in a substantial demographic change in some countries.
The so called “Lisbon Strategy” of the European Commission targets an employment rate of 50% for individuals that are between 55-64 years of age in order to overcome these challenges on the labor markets. A necessary condition seems to be that older workers are in a good health so that they are actually able to keep working up to a high age. The question is if work itself might shape health and retirement decisions.
The paper in hand will look at the relationship of working conditions and health, then, the extent to which both of these variables play a role in the decision to retire. Furthermore, there will be light shed on activity after retirement, considering how retired people engage socially, in their community. These relationships will be analyzed using ordinal probit models with several specifications, such as one including a lag of the respective dependent variable. The analysis will be kept broad using several different theories and based on these also a wide range of variables will be analyzed.
Adverse working conditions, as described by the Effort-Reward Imbalance Theory, the Job Demands-Control-Support Theory and the Job Demands-Resource Theory are found to deteriorate health outcomes, life quality as well as social activeness and bring forward the decision to retire or at least the wish to do so. The retirement variables are both influenced by health and work independently. Apart from these theories, several single indicators play a large role, such as whether a job allows the learning of new skills.
Therefore, the improvement of working conditions should be one part of a strategy to solve the problems related to demographic change, which should not be forgotten by decision makers. Better working conditions that keep older people motivated to work seem to be a necessary to mitigate the adverse effects of demographic change.

Working Conditions, Health, Retirement, ERI, DCS, Lisbon Strategy, Share --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Domaines particuliers de l'économie (santé, travail, transport...)