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Adequate loan classification practices are an essential part of a sound and effective credit risk-management process in a bank. Failure to identify deterioration in credit quality in a timely manner can aggravate and prolong the problem. Two key issues arise with regard to the use of collateral in the context of loan classification and provisioning. In particular, the questions arise whether collateral should be taken into account in classifying a collateralized loan, and whether it should be considered in calculating provisions. This paper surveys country practices in the role of collateral in loan classification and provisioning, and suggests good practices on these issues.

Banks and Banking --- Industries: Financial Services --- Real Estate --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location: General --- Finance --- Financial services law & regulation --- Banking --- Property & real estate --- Collateral --- Loans --- Loan classification --- Financial institutions --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Real estate prices --- Prices --- Banks and banking --- State supervision --- Housing --- United States

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Vernacular architecture --- K9211 --- K9335.11 --- K9893 --- Korea: Geography and local history -- Kyŏnggi-do -- Seoul, Kyŏngsŏng --- Korea: Communities, social classes and groups -- local communities -- Kyŏnggi-do -- Seoul / Kyŏngsŏng (Gyeongseong) --- Korea: Art and antiquities -- architecture -- urban planning --- Pukch'on (Seoul, Korea) --- History. --- Historical geography. --- Architecture, Anonymous --- Architecture, Indigenous --- Architecture, Vernacular --- Folk architecture --- Indigenous architecture --- Traditional architecture

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The growing presence of Islamic banking needs to be accompanied by the development of effective regulation and supervision. This paper examines the results of the survey conducted by the International Monetary Fund to document international experiences and country practices related to legal and prudential frameworks governing Islamic banking activities. Although a number of countries have made considerable progress in creating legal, regulatory, and supervisory frameworks that accommodate Islamic banking, there are substantial differences. This paper also identifies a number of challenges faced by regulatory and supervisory agencies regarding Islamic banking.

Banks and banking --- Bank management --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Management --- Banks and banking, Islamic --- Islamic banks and banking --- Non-interest banks, Islamic --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Islam --- State supervision. --- Law and legislation. --- International Monetary Bank --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Islam&delete& --- State supervision --- Law and legislation --- E-books --- Banks and Banking --- Public Finance --- Islamic Banking and Finance --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems --- Other Economic Systems: Public Economics --- Financial Economics --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Financial services law & regulation --- Public finance & taxation --- Islamic banking --- Capital adequacy requirements --- Islamic banking supervision --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Financial services --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Revenue administration --- Market risk --- Islamic countries --- Asset requirements --- Revenue --- Financial risk management --- Sudan

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This paper aims at developing a better understanding of Islamic banking (IB) and providing policy recommendations to enhance the supervision of Islamic banks (IBs). It points out and discusses similarities and differences of IBs with conventional banks (CBs) and reviews whether the IBs are more stable than CBs. Given the risks faced by IBs, the paper concludes that they need a legal, corporate and regulatory framework as much as CB does. The paper also argues that it is important to ensure operational independence of the supervisory agency, which has to be supported by adequate resources, a sound legal framework, a well designed governance structure, and robust accountability practices.

Banks and banking --- Bank management --- Agricultural banks --- Banking --- Banking industry --- Commercial banks --- Depository institutions --- Finance --- Financial institutions --- Money --- Management --- Banks and banking, Islamic --- Islamic banks and banking --- Non-interest banks, Islamic --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Islam --- Law and legislation. --- State supervision. --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Islam&delete& --- State supervision --- Law and legislation --- E-books --- Banks and Banking --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Public Finance --- Islamic Banking and Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems --- Other Economic Systems: Public Economics --- Financial Economics --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Public finance & taxation --- Financial services law & regulation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Islamic banking --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Basel Core Principles --- Deposit insurance --- Financial services --- Revenue administration --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Credit risk --- Islamic countries --- Revenue --- Crisis management --- Financial services industry --- Financial risk management --- United Arab Emirates