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In this volume Smith examines the early modern science of generation, which included the study of animal conception, heredity, and fetal development. Analyzing how it influenced the contemporary treatment of traditional philosophical questions, it also demonstrates how philosophical pre-suppositions about mechanism, substance, and cause informed the interpretations offered by those conducting empirical research on animal reproduction. Composed of essays written by an international team of leading scholars, the book offers a fresh perspective on some of the basic problems in early modern philosophy. It also considers how these basic problems manifested themselves within an area of scientific inquiry that had not previously received much consideration by historians of philosophy.

Génétique animale --- Reproduction --- Animaux --- Histoire. --- Évolution --- Philosophie --- Animalité (philosophie) --- 1500-1800 --- Animaux domestiques --- Embryologie --- Reproduction. --- Domestic animals --- Animals (Philosophy) --- Embryology. --- Animaux (Philosophie) --- 1500-1800. --- Embryology --- Amphimixis --- Generation --- Pangenesis --- Procreation --- Animal embryology --- Animals --- Development, Embryological --- Development, Embryonic --- Development, Zygotic --- Embryogenesis --- Embryogeny --- Embryological development --- Embryonic development --- Zoology --- Zygote development --- Zygotes --- Zygotic development --- Zygotic embryogenesis --- Development --- Biology --- Life (Biology) --- Physiology --- Sex (Biology) --- Generative organs --- Theriogenology --- Developmental biology --- Morphology (Animals) --- Embryos --- Philosophy --- Reproduction (biologie) --- Arts and Humanities --- Domestic animals - Reproduction. --- Animalité (philosophie)

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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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"People have always been xenophobic, but an explicit philosophical and scientific view of human racial difference only began to emerge during the modern period. Why and how did this happen? Surveying a range of philosophical and natural-scientific texts, dating from the Spanish Renaissance to the German Enlightenment, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference charts the evolution of the modern concept of race and shows that natural philosophy, particularly efforts to taxonomize and to order nature, played a crucial role. Smith demonstrates how the denial of moral equality between Europeans and non-Europeans resulted from converging philosophical and scientific developments, including a declining belief in human nature's universality and the rise of biological classification. The racial typing of human beings grew from the need to understand humanity within an all-encompassing system of nature, alongside plants, minerals, primates, and other animals. While racial difference as seen through science did not arise in order to justify the enslavement of people, it became a rationalization and buttress for the practices of trans-Atlantic slavery. From the work of François Bernier to G.W. Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, and others, Smith delves into philosophy's part in the legacy and damages of modern racism. With a broad narrative stretching over two centuries, Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference takes a critical historical look at how the racial categories that we divide ourselves into came into being"--

Philosophy of nature --- History of philosophy --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophical anthropology --- Race --- Ethnicity --- Philosophy of nature. --- Science --- Evolution (Biology) --- Philosophy --- History --- Social science --- Philosophy. --- History & Surveys --- General. --- Social History. --- Discrimination & Race Relations. --- History. --- PHILOSOPHY / History & Surveys / General. --- HISTORY / Social History. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Discrimination & Race Relations. --- SCIENCE / History. --- Ethnicité --- Philosophie de la nature --- Sciences --- Evolution (Biologie) --- Philosophie --- Evolution (Biology). --- Philosophie des sciences --- Évolution (biologie) --- Ethnicité --- Philosophie de la nature. --- Philosophie des sciences. --- Philosophie. --- Évolution (biologie)

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Labor disputes --- Strikes and lockouts --- Travail --- Grèves et lock-out --- Conflits --- Attlee, C.R. --- Churchill, Winston, --- Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- Economic policy --- Politique économique --- Government policy --- Grèves et lock-out --- Politique économique

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Embodiment-defined as having, being in, or being associated with a body-is a feature of the existence of many entities, perhaps even of all entities. Why entities should find themselves in this condition is the central concern of the present volume. The problem includes, but also goes beyond, the philosophical problem of body: that is, what the essence of a body is, and how, if at all, it differs from matter. On some understandings there may exist bodies, such as stones or asteroids, that are not the bodies of any particular subjects. To speak of embodiment by contrast is always to speak of a subject that variously inhabits, or captains, or is coextensive with, or even is imprisoned within, a body. The subject may in the end be identical to, or an emergent product of, the body. That is, a materialist account of embodied subjects may be the correct one. But insofar as there is a philosophical problem of embodiment, the identity of the embodied subject with the body stands in need of an argument and cannot simply be assumed. The reasons, nature, and consequences of the embodiment of subjects as conceived in the long history of philosophy in Europe as well as in the broader Mediterranean region and in South and East Asia, with forays into religion, art, medicine, and other domains of culture, form the focus of these essays. More precisely, the contributors to this volume shine light on a number of questions that have driven reflection on embodiment throughout the history of philosophy. What is the historical and conceptual relationship between the idea of embodiment and the idea of subjecthood? Am I who I am principally in virtue of the fact that I have the body I have? Relatedly, what is the relationship of embodiment to being and to individuality? Is embodiment a necessary condition of being? Of being an individual? What are the theological dimensions of embodiment? To what extent has the concept of embodiment been deployed in the history of philosophy to contrast the created world with the state of existence enjoyed by God? What are the normative dimensions of theories of embodiment? To what extent is the problem of embodiment a distinctly western preoccupation? Is it the result of a particular local and contingent history, or does it impose itself as a universal problem, wherever and whenever human beings begin to reflect on the conditions of their existence? Ultimately, to what extent can natural science help us to resolve philosophical questions about embodiment, many of which are vastly older than the particular scientific research programs we now believe to hold the greatest promise for revealing to us the bodily basis, or the ultimate physical causes, of who we really are?

History of civilization --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy and psychology of culture --- Philosophical anthropology --- Philosophy of science --- Human body (Philosophy) --- Corps (philosophie) --- Métaphysique --- Mind and body --- Esprit et corps --- Human body (Philosophy). --- Métaphysique. --- Esprit et corps. --- Métaphysique.