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Past, Present and Future of Research in the Information Society examines the role of research and the production of knowledge in the information society, with special emphasis on developing areas of the world. Core issues of the book lie at the intersection of computer science and engineering, information and communication technologies, the World Wide Web, and development. Topics include: understanding the digital divide in science and engineering; devising specific programs designed to reduce this divide; accounting for the informational challenges presented in an environment with many world leaders and policy makers present; and examining the relationships between academic, government, civil society, and the private sector that brought about the development of today’s information society. This volume is based on a three-day conference connected with the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). This work is designed for a professional audience, composed of researchers and practitioners in industry. This book is also suitable for graduate-level students in computer science, engineering and sociology.

Information society. --- Information technology --- Telecommunication --- Digital divide --- Divide, Digital --- GDD (Global digital divide) --- Global digital divide --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- IT (Information technology) --- Research. --- Computer science. --- Computers. --- Computers and civilization. --- E-commerce. --- Social sciences. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- Computer Science. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- e-Commerce/e-business. --- Computers and Society. --- Information Systems and Communication Service. --- Information society --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Technology --- Telematics --- Information superhighway --- Knowledge management --- Sociology --- Social sciences --- Information systems. --- Methodology. --- Informatics --- Science --- Application software. --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Civilization and computers --- Civilization --- Cybercommerce --- E-business --- E-commerce --- E-tailing --- eBusiness --- eCommerce --- Electronic business --- Internet commerce --- Internet retailing --- Online commerce --- Web retailing --- Commerce --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software --- Equality.

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Why does the distinction between high and popular art persist in spite of postmodernist predictions that it should vanish? Departing from the conventional view that such distinctions are class-related, Wesley Shrum concentrates instead on the way individuals form opinions about culture through the mediation of critics. He shows that it is the extent to which critics shape the reception of an art form that determines its place in the cultural hierarchy. Those who patronize "lowbrow" art--stand-up comedy, cabaret, movies, and popular music--do not heed critical opinions nearly as much as do those who patronize "highbrow" art--theater, opera, and classical music. Thus the role of critics is crucial to understanding the nature of cultural hierarchy and its persistence. Shrum supports his argument through an inquiry into the performing arts, focusing on the Edinburgh Fringe, the world's largest and most diverse art festival. Beginning with eighteenth-century London playhouses and print media, where performance art criticism flourished, Shrum examines the triangle of mediation involving critics, spectators, and performers. The Fringe is shown to parallel modern art worlds, where choices proliferate along with the demand for guidance. Using interviews with critics and performers, analysis of audiences, and published reviews as well as dramatic vignettes, Shrum reveals the impact of critics on high art forms and explores the "status bargain" in which consumers are influenced by experts in return for prestige.

Art and society --- Art criticism --- Art et société --- Art--Critique --- Class distinction --- Classes [Social ] --- Classes sociales --- Critique d'art --- Culture [Popular ] --- Culture de rue --- Culture des banlieues populaires --- Culture des classes populaires --- Culture des quartiers populaires --- Culture du peuple --- Culture ouvrière --- Culture populaire --- Cultures populaires --- Distinction entre les classes --- Klassen [Sociale ] --- Klassenonderscheid --- Kunst en maatschappij --- Kunst--Kritiek --- Kunstkritiek --- Maatschappij en kunst --- Mass culture --- Pop culture --- Popcultuur --- Populaire cultuur --- Popular arts --- Popular culture --- Rank --- Social classes --- Sociale klassen --- Society and art --- Société et art --- Volkscultuur --- Art and society. --- Art criticism. --- Popular culture. --- Social classes. --- Edinburgh Fringe (Festival) --- Boston Symphony. --- British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). --- Canadian fringes. --- Daily Telegraph. --- Festival Times. --- Festival of Israel. --- Fringe First awards. --- Fringe. --- Gilded Balloon. --- Holyrood Palace. --- Kant, Immanuel. --- Marquis of Tweeddale. --- Pleasance. --- Scottish nationalism. --- accessibility of art. --- accumulative advantage. --- aestheticians. --- amateur critics. --- amateur performers. --- attendance. --- cabaret. --- centralization. --- classical canon. --- competition. --- cultural capital. --- discourse practices. --- discovery myth. --- discriminating aesthetic. --- diversity. --- editorial bias. --- education. --- egalitarianism. --- entertainment. --- genres. --- heckling. --- hegemony theory. --- iconography of judgment. --- ideology. --- intimacy and space. --- judgment. --- medical revues. --- modality of reviews. --- modern criticism. --- opening date. --- painting. --- performance changes. --- quality claims. --- recommendations. --- reputation. --- revue. --- spectators. --- standards. --- Culture, Popular --- Communication --- Intellectual life --- Mass society --- Recreation --- Culture --- Art --- Art and sociology --- Sociology and art --- Arts --- Criticism --- Classes, Social --- Caste --- Estates (Social orders) --- Social status --- Class consciousness --- Classism --- Social stratification --- Social aspects --- Analysis, interpretation, appreciation --- Edinburgh Festival Fringe --- Fringe (Festival : Edinburgh, Scotland) --- Edinburgh International Festival

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How technology and bureaucracy shape collaborative scientific research projects: an empirical study of multiorganizational collaboration in the physical sciences. Collaboration among organizations is rapidly becoming common in scientific research as globalization and new communication technologies make it possible for researchers from different locations and institutions to work together on common projects. These scientific and technological collaborations are part of a general trend toward more fluid, flexible, and temporary organizational arrangements, but they have received very limited scholarly attention. Structures of Scientific Collaboration is the first study to examine multi-organizational collaboration systematically, drawing on a database of 53 collaborations documented for the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics. By integrating quantitative sociological analyses with detailed case histories, Shrum, Genuth, and Chompalov pioneer a new and truly interdisciplinary method for the study of science and technology. Scientists undertake multi-organizational collaborations because individual institutions often lack sufficient resources--including the latest technology--to achieve a given research objective. The authors find that collaborative research depends on both technology and bureaucracy; scientists claim to abhor bureaucracy, but most collaborations use it constructively to achieve their goals. The book analyzes the structural elements of collaboration (among them formation, size and duration, organization, technological practices, and participant experiences) and the relationships among them. The authors find that trust, though viewed as positive, is not necessarily associated with successful projects; indeed, the formal structures of bureaucracy reduce the need for high levels of trust--and make possible the independence so valued by participating scientists.

Research --- Physics --- Intellectual cooperation. --- Academic-industrial collaboration. --- International cooperation. --- Collaboration, Academic-industrial --- Collaboration, Industrial-academic --- Industrial-academic collaboration --- Industrial-university collaboration --- University-industrial collaboration --- Cooperation, Intellectual --- Cultural exchange programs --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Business and education --- International cooperation --- International education --- Library cooperation --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/General --- PHYSICAL SCIENCES/General --- Global strategy research --- Transnational research

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Computer assisted instruction --- Distribution strategy --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Information systems --- Computer. Automation --- ICT (informatie- en communicatietechnieken) --- informatica --- maatschappij --- computerbesturingssystemen --- computerondersteund onderwijs --- informatiesystemen --- e-commerce --- OS (operating system)