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Under imperfect competition, Russia and Ukraine may choose to deviate from optimal tax considerations which suggest use of a destination-based VAT regime. Oil and gas trade is a major source of Russian tax revenue, which is collected partly through an origin-based VAT on intra-CIS energy trade. The paper shows that Ukraine may try to capture part of the tax revenue if it has monopsony power. It is far from clear whether Ukraine would succeed in shifting the rents through taxation, since this depends on the form of imperfect competition and the curvature of Ukraine's import demand function.

Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Market Structure and Pricing: General --- Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Efficiency --- Optimal Taxation --- Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Energy: General --- Trade: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Value-added tax --- Export prices --- Tariffs --- Oil --- Oil exports --- Taxes --- Prices --- Commodities --- International trade --- Spendings tax --- Exports --- Tariff --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Ukraine

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The CIS-7 Initiative was launched in 2002 and endorsed by ministers from the CIS-7 and donor countries, with the objective of promoting poverty reduction, economic growth, and debt sustainability among the seven poorest countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). This volume draws from the follow-up conference held in Lucerne, Switzerland, in January 2003. The objective of this conference was to achieve an understanding of the development agenda in the seven countries and the key policy measures to be taken by the governments and donors to improve future prospects for the countries’ populations.

Poverty --- Expenditures, Public --- Pauvreté --- Dépenses publiques --- Commonwealth of Independent States --- Former Soviet republics --- Ex-URSS --- Economic conditions --- Commerce --- Conditions économiques --- Pauvreté --- Dépenses publiques --- Conditions économiques --- Commonwealth of Independent States. --- Economic conditions. --- Commerce. --- Appropriations and expenditures --- Government appropriations --- Government expenditures --- Government spending --- Public expenditures --- Public spending --- Spending, Government --- Finance, Public --- Public administration --- Government spending policy --- Destitution --- Wealth --- Basic needs --- Begging --- Poor --- Subsistence economy --- CEI --- CIS --- Communauté des Etats indépendants --- Commonwealth States --- Comunità di Stati indipendenti --- Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten --- GUS (Commonwealth of Independent States) --- Ḥever ha-ʻAmim --- Ḥever ha-Medinot ha-ʻAtsmaʼiyot --- Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö --- IVY (Organization) --- Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union --- NIS --- SND --- SNG --- Sodruzhestvo nezavisimykh gosudarstv --- Spivdruz︠h︡nistʹ nezalez︠h︡nykh derz︠h︡av --- Strany Sodruzhestva --- Tongnip Kukka Yŏnhap --- Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw --- ZND --- Zajednica nezavisnih država --- Koinopoliteia Anexartētōn Kratōn --- CIS countries --- Commonwealth of Independent States countries --- Ex-Soviet republics --- Ex-Soviet states --- Former Soviet states --- New Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- Newly Independent States (Former Soviet republics) --- NIS (Former Soviet republics) --- Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Poverty and Homelessness --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- Trade: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Corporate Finance and Governance: General --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Budgeting & financial management --- Poverty & precarity --- Ownership & organization of enterprises --- Budget planning and preparation --- Small and medium enterprises --- Exports --- Expenditure --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Economic sectors --- International trade --- Budget --- Small business --- Debts, External --- Kyrgyz Republic

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This paper attempts to assess the incremental external financing requirements occasioned by changes in world food prices, due to implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, for a sample of 57 developing countries. Based on estimates of changes in food prices due to the Round obtained in previous studies, and on detailed data on food trade by country and commodity, the present study shows that the increase in net food import costs are likely to be smaller than 4 percent of net food imports over a period of six years for the countries considered, although for some of the larger trading nations the effect may exceed US$10 million.

Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Economic Integration --- Trade: Forecasting and Simulation --- Trade: General --- Agriculture: General --- Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis --- Prices --- International economics --- Investment & securities --- Public finance & taxation --- Food imports --- Agricultural commodities --- Imports --- Food prices --- Tariffs --- International trade --- Commodities --- Taxes --- Farm produce --- Tariff --- Uruguay

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Applied general equilibrium (AGE) models have received considerable attention and scrutiny in the public debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This collection brings together the leading AGE models that have been constructed to analyse NAFTA. A variety of approaches to modelling trade liberalization are taken in these studies, including multi-country and multi-sectoral models, models that focus on institutional features of particular sectors (agricultural, autos, steel, textiles and apparel) affecting multinational firms and rules of origin, and models with some inter-temporal structure. Further, by constructing stylized models, theoretical linkages have been identified that drive numerical results in the larger AGE models. The volume also assesses what can be learned about the likely economic effects of NAFTA from the collection of studies taken as a whole. Areas in need of further study have been highlighted.

Foreign trade policy --- North American Free Trade Agreement --- Canada. Treaties, etc. United States, 1988 Jan. 2 --- Free trade --- Equilibrium (Economics) --- Mathematical models. --- North America --- Mathematical models --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Free trade - North America - Mathematical models. --- Equilibrium (Economics) - Mathematical models. --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- NAFTA --- Accord de libre-échange nord-américain --- ALENA --- Acordo Norte-Americano de Livre Comércio --- Tratado de Libre Comercio --- T.L.C. --- TLC --- Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte --- Tratado de Libre Comercio en América del Norte --- TLCAN --- Tratado de Libre Comercio de Norteamérica --- Tratado Trilateral de Libre Comercio --- TTLC --- Hokubei Jiyū Bōeki Kyōtei --- United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement

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This paper explores from a regional perspective the distorted nature of trade in energy products within the CIS countries. The persistence of pricing distortions, barter arrangements, and discriminatory access to pipelines, as well as failure to honor contracts, has disrupted and distorted energy exports to non-CIS countries, undermined energy sector reforms, and distorted investment decisions. The paper focuses on cross-border issues as an integral component of the wider problem of inefficient energy use within the CIS. Several policy recommendations are proposed, including measures to foster greater competition, reduce state involvement, and promote regional cooperation.

Investments: Energy --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Energy --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Economic Integration --- Gas Utilities --- Pipelines --- Water Utilities --- Energy: General --- Trade: General --- Energy and the Macroeconomy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Electric Utilities --- Investment & securities --- International economics --- Petroleum, oil & gas industries --- Oil --- Exports --- Energy sector --- Energy prices --- Electricity --- Commodities --- International trade --- Economic sectors --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Energy industries --- Electric utilities --- Russian Federation