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This book focuses on key simulation and evaluation technologies for 5G systems. Based on the most recent research results from academia and industry, it describes the evaluation methodologies in depth for network and physical layer technologies. The evaluation methods are discussed in depth. It also covers the analysis of the 5G candidate technologies and the testing challenges, the evolution of the testing technologies, fading channel measurement and modeling, software simulations, software hardware cosimulation, field testing and other novel evaluation methods. The fifth-generation (5G) mobile communications system targets highly improved network performances in terms of the network capacity and the number of connections. Testing and evaluation technologies is widely recognized and plays important roles in the wireless technology developments, along with the research on basic theory and key technologies. The investigation and developments on the multi-level and comprehensive evaluations for 5G new technologies, provides important performance references for the 5G technology filtering and future standardizations. Students focused on telecommunications, electronic engineering, computer science or other related disciplines will find this book useful as a secondary text. Researchers and professionals working within these related fields will also find this book useful as a reference.

Engineering. --- Computer communication systems. --- Operating systems (Computers). --- Electrical engineering. --- Communications Engineering, Networks. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Operating Systems. --- Electric engineering --- Engineering --- Computer operating systems --- Computers --- Disk operating systems --- Systems software --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Electronic data processing --- Network computers --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Operating systems --- Distributed processing --- Wireless communication systems --- Technological innovations. --- Communication systems, Wireless --- Wireless data communication systems --- Wireless information networks --- Wireless telecommunication systems --- Telecommunication systems --- Telecommunication. --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Computer networks. --- Operating systems (Computers)

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Protecting the environment during economic growth is a challenge facing every country. This paper focuses on two regulatory measures that China has adopted to incentivize air quality improvement: publishing a daily air pollution index (API) for major cities since 2000 and linking the API to performance evaluations of local governments. In particular, China defines a day with an API at or below 100 as a blue sky day. Starting in 2003, a city with at least 80% blue sky days in a calendar year (among other criteria) qualified for the “national environmental protection model city” award. This cutoff was increased to 85% in 2007. Using officially reported API data from 37 large cities during 2000-2009, we find a significant discontinuity at the threshold of 100 and this discontinuity is of a greater magnitude after 2003. Moreover, we find that the model cities were less likely to report API right above 100 when they were close to the targeted blue sky days in the fourth quarter of the year when or before they won the model city award. That being said, we also find significant correlation of API with two alternative measures of air pollution – namely visibility as reported by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), corrected for meteorological conditions, from NASA satellites. The discontinuity around 100 suggests that count of blue sky days could have been subject to data manipulation; nevertheless, API does contain useful information about air pollution.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Protecting the environment during economic growth is a challenge facing every country. This paper focuses on two regulatory measures that China has adopted to incentivize air quality improvement: publishing a daily air pollution index (API) for major cities since 2000 and linking the API to performance evaluations of local governments. In particular, China defines a day with an API at or below 100 as a blue sky day. Starting in 2003, a city with at least 80% blue sky days in a calendar year (among other criteria) qualified for the "national environmental protection model city" award. This cutoff was increased to 85% in 2007. Using officially reported API data from 37 large cities during 2000-2009, we find a significant discontinuity at the threshold of 100 and this discontinuity is of a greater magnitude after 2003. Moreover, we find that the model cities were less likely to report API right above 100 when they were close to the targeted blue sky days in the fourth quarter of the year when or before they won the model city award. That being said, we also find significant correlation of API with two alternative measures of air pollution - namely visibility as reported by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), corrected for meteorological conditions, from NASA satellites. The discontinuity around 100 suggests that count of blue sky days could have been subject to data manipulation; nevertheless, API does contain useful information about air pollution.