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This paper identifies five key issues that are important for the continued efforts to tackle gender inequality: (i) gender inequality needs to be distinguished from gender gaps. Not all gender gaps necessarily reflect gender inequality as some gender gaps are not driven by the lack of equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities bywomen and girls, and this has important implications on policy designs to address gender inequity. However, the literature has paid little attention to this issue, often using gender inequality and gender gaps interchangeably; (ii) the evolving focus of gender inequality suggests there is still a long way to go to fully address gender inequality. Particularly gender inequality is taking more subtle and implicit forms, though the social and economic benefits from addressing the remaininggender inequality is still likely to be substantial; (iii) addressing gender inequality benefits everyone, not just women. Thus, the entire society should work together, even for each individual’s own interest; (iv) both general policies and targeted gender policies can help address gender inequality.However, as gender inequality becomes more subtle and implicit, targeted gender policies will likely need to play an increasing role, which also makes separating gender inequality from gender gaps all that more important; and (v) addressing gender inequality does not need to start with policies targeted at its root causes, but needs to end with eliminating the root causes. Only then, any remaining gender gaps would only reflect preference and comparative advantage between men and women. The paper concludes by discussing gaps in the literature and policy challenges going forward.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Gender Studies --- Allocative Efficiency --- Cost-Benefit Analysis --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender inequality --- Gender --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sex discrimination

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• EndNote
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This paper identifies five key issues that are important for the continued efforts to tackle gender inequality: (i) gender inequality needs to be distinguished from gender gaps. Not all gender gaps necessarily reflect gender inequality as some gender gaps are not driven by the lack of equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities bywomen and girls, and this has important implications on policy designs to address gender inequity. However, the literature has paid little attention to this issue, often using gender inequality and gender gaps interchangeably; (ii) the evolving focus of gender inequality suggests there is still a long way to go to fully address gender inequality. Particularly gender inequality is taking more subtle and implicit forms, though the social and economic benefits from addressing the remaininggender inequality is still likely to be substantial; (iii) addressing gender inequality benefits everyone, not just women. Thus, the entire society should work together, even for each individual’s own interest; (iv) both general policies and targeted gender policies can help address gender inequality.However, as gender inequality becomes more subtle and implicit, targeted gender policies will likely need to play an increasing role, which also makes separating gender inequality from gender gaps all that more important; and (v) addressing gender inequality does not need to start with policies targeted at its root causes, but needs to end with eliminating the root causes. Only then, any remaining gender gaps would only reflect preference and comparative advantage between men and women. The paper concludes by discussing gaps in the literature and policy challenges going forward.

Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Gender Studies --- Allocative Efficiency --- Cost-Benefit Analysis --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Social discrimination & equal treatment --- Gender inequality --- Gender --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Sex discrimination

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Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Over the past two decades, U.S. core PCE goods and services inflation have evolved differently. Against the backdrop of global concerns of low inflation, we use this trend as motivation to develop a bottom-up model of U.S. inflation. We find that domestic forces play a larger role relative to foreign factors in influencing core services inflation, while foreign factors predominantly drive core goods price changes. When comparing forecasting performance, we find that both the aggregate Phillips curve and the bottom up approach give low root mean square errors. The latter, however, is more informative in tracing the effects of shocks and understanding the exact channels through which they affect aggregate inflation. Using scenario analysis—and given a relatively low sensitivity of core inflation to changes in slack, both at the aggregate Phillips curve and sub-components levels—we find that global pressures will likely keep core PCE inflation below 2 percent for the foreseeable future unless the dollar starts to depreciate markedly and the unemployment rate goes well below the natural rate. These results support the accommodative stance of monetary policy pursued thus far and, going forward, underscore the need for proceeding cautiously and very gradually in raising the federal funds rate.

Consumption (Economics) --- Inflation (Finance) --- Statistical methods. --- Econometric models. --- Finance --- Natural rate of unemployment --- Deflation --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Forecasting and Other Model Applications --- Housing prices --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Housing --- Import prices --- Imports --- Income economics --- Inflation --- Infrastructure --- Labor --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- Model Construction and Estimation --- Model Evaluation and Selection --- National accounts --- Price Level --- Prices --- Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: Forecasting and Simulation --- Property & real estate --- Real Estate --- Saving and investment --- Unemployment --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- United States

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This paper provides a comprehensive, updated picture of energy subsidies at the global and regional levels. It focuses on the broad notion of post-tax energy subsidies, which arise when consumer prices are below supply costs plus a tax to reflect environmental damage and an additional tax applied to all consumption goods to raise government revenues. Post-tax energy subsidies are dramatically higher than previously estimated, and are projected to remain high. These subsidies primarily reflect under-pricing from a domestic (rather than global) perspective, so even unilateral price reform is in countries’ own interests. The potential fiscal, environmental and welfare impacts of energy subsidy reform are substantial.

Energy policy. --- Energy security. --- International finance. --- Business & Economics --- Industries --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Natural Resources --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply --- Hydrocarbon Resources --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: Government Policy --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Energy industries & utilities --- Environmental management --- Energy subsidies --- Energy pricing --- Non-renewable resources --- Energy prices --- Consumption --- Expenditures, Public --- Natural resources --- Economics --- Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of