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In 1965 Lotfi Zadeh, a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California in Berkeley, published the first of his papers on his new Fuzzy Set Theory. Since the 1980s this mathematical theory of "unsharp amounts" has been applied in many different fields with great success. The word "fuzzy" has also become very well-known among non-scientists thanks to extensive advertising campaigns for fuzzy-controlled household appliances and to their prominent presence in the media, first in Japan and then in other countries. On the other hand, the story of how Fuzzy Set Theory and its earliest applications originated remains largely unknown. In this book, the history of Fuzzy Set Theory and the ways it was first used are incorporated into the history of 20th century science and technology. Influences from philosophy, system theory and cybernetics stemming from the earliest part of the 20th century are considered alongside those of communication and control theory from mid-century. Today, Fuzzy Set Theory is the core discipline of "soft computing," and provides new impetus for research in the field of Artificial Intelligence.

Fuzzy sets. --- Set theory. --- Ensembles flous --- Théorie des ensembles --- Fuzzy sets --- Set theory --- Algebra --- Applied Mathematics --- Civil Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Mathematics --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Aggregates --- Classes (Mathematics) --- Ensembles (Mathematics) --- Mathematical sets --- Sets (Mathematics) --- Theory of sets --- Sets, Fuzzy --- Computer science. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer-aided engineering. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Computer Science. --- Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Computer aided design. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- CAD (Computer-aided design) --- Computer-assisted design --- Computer-aided engineering --- Design --- CAE --- Data processing

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The notion of Fuzziness stands as one of the really new concepts that have recently enriched the world of Science.  Science grows not only through technical and formal advances on one side and useful applications on the other side, but also as consequence of the introduction and assimilation of new concepts in its corpus. These, in turn, produce new developments and applications. And this is what Fuzziness, one of the few new concepts arisen in the XX Century, has been doing so far. This book aims at paying homage to Professor Lotfi A. Zadeh, the “father of fuzzy logic” and also at giving credit to his exceptional work and personality. In a way, this is reflected in the variety of contributions collected in the book. In some of them the authors chose to speak of personal meetings with Lotfi; in others, they discussed how certain papers of Zadeh were able to open for them a new research horizon. Some contributions documented results obtained from the author/s after taking inspiration from a particular idea of Zadeh, thus implicitly acknowledging him. Finally, there are contributions of several “third generation fuzzysists or softies” who were firstly led into the world of Fuzziness by a disciple of Lotfi Zadeh, who, following his example, took care of opening for them a new road in science.   Rudolf Seising is Adjoint Researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing in Mieres, Asturias (Spain). Enric Trillas and Claudio Moraga are Emeritus Researchers at the European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Asturias (Spain). Settimo Termini is Professor of Theoretical Computer Science at the University of Palermo, Italy and Affiliated Researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing, Mieres, Asturias (Spain).

Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Fuzzy sets. --- Fuzzy logic. --- Nonlinear logic --- Sets, Fuzzy --- Engineering. --- Mathematical logic. --- Computational intelligence. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Fuzzy systems --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical.

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The field of Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences is at a turning point. The strong distinction between “science” and “humanities” has been criticized from many fronts and, at the same time, an increasing cooperation between the so-called “hard sciences” and “soft sciences” is taking place in a wide range of scientific projects dealing with very complex and interdisciplinary topics. In the last fifteen years the area of Soft Computing has also experienced a gradual rapprochement to disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, and also in the field of Medicine, Biology and even the Arts, a phenomenon that did not occur much in the previous years.   The collection of this book presents a generous sampling of the new and burgeoning field of Soft Computing in Humanities and Social Sciences, bringing together a wide array of authors and subject matters from different disciplines. Some of the contributors of the book belong to the scientific and technical areas of Soft Computing while others come from various fields in the humanities and social sciences such as Philosophy, History, Sociology or Economics.   Rudolf Seising received a Ph.D. degree in philosophy of science and a postdoctoral lecture qualification (PD) in history of science from the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich. He is an Adjoint Researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing in Mieres (Asturias), Spain.   Veronica Sanz earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University Complutense of Madrid (Spain). At the moment she is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Science, Technology and Society Center in the University of California at Berkeley.   Veronica Sanz earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy at the University Complutense of Madrid (Spain). At the moment she is a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Science, Technology and Society Center in the University of California at Berkeley.

Soft computing --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Soft computing. --- Granular computing. --- GC (Computer science) --- Engineering. --- Computational intelligence. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Cognitive computing --- Electronic data processing --- Computational intelligence

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Bildgebende und diagnostische Verfahren, Therapien und Therapieentscheidungen, aber auch Pflege, Datenverwaltung und Abrechnung: IT-gestützte Prozesse greifen immer tiefer in die Arbeit mit und an Patient*innen ein. Die digitale Technik verändert hierbei Prozesse und Wissensbestände in Medizin und Pflege und entwickelt sich so zu einem potenziell dritten Akteur zwischen Patient*in und Versorger*in. Die Beiträge des Bandes widmen sich dieser Technisierung aus interdisziplinärer Perspektive u.a. mit Fragen zu Ethik, Selbstbestimmung und gesellschaftlicher Auseinandersetzung. Damit tragen sie zur kritischen Reflexion der gegenwärtigen Entwicklungen bei und loten deren Chancen und Risiken aus.

Digitalisierung; Robotik; Medizin; Pflege; Informationstechnologie; Elektronische Datenverarbeitung; Wissen; Gesundheit; Ethik; Patientenversorgung; Selbstbestimmung; Technisierung; Technik; Medizinethik; Medizinsoziologie; Digitale Medien; Soziologie; Digitalization; Robotics; Medicine; Care; Information Technology; Electromnic Data Processing; Knowledge; Health; Ethics; Patient Care; Self-Determination; Technization; Technology; Medical Ethics; Sociology of Medicine; Digital Media; Sociology; --- Care. --- Digital Media. --- Electromnic Data Processing. --- Ethics. --- Health. --- Information Technology. --- Knowledge. --- Medical Ethics. --- Medicine. --- Patient Care. --- Robotics. --- Self-Determination. --- Sociology of Medicine. --- Sociology. --- Technization. --- Technology.

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This book is a collection of contributions written by philosophers and scientists active in different fields, such as mathematics, logics, social sciences, computer sciences and linguistics. They comment on and discuss various parts of and subjects and propositions introduced in the Handbook of Analytical Philosophy of Medicine from Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh, published by Springer in 2012. This volume reports on the fruitful exchange and debate that arose in the fuzzy community upon the publication of the Handbook. This was not only very much appreciated by the community but also seen as a critical starting point for beginning a new discussion. The results of this discussion, which involved many different perspectives from science and the humanities and was warmly encouraged by Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh himself, are accurately reported in this volume, which is intended to be a critical companion to Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh´s handbook.   Rudolf Seising is currently an adjoint researcher at the European Centre for Soft Computing in Mieres, Asturias (Spain) and a college lecturer at the Faculty of History and Arts, at the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich (Germany).   Marco Elio Tabacchi is currently the Scientific Director of the Italian National Research & Survey Organization Demopolis, and a research assistant in the Soft Computing Group at University of Palermo (Italy).

Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Engineering. --- Medicine --- Biomathematics. --- Computational intelligence. --- Computational Intelligence. --- Mathematical and Computational Biology. --- Philosophy of Medicine. --- Philosophy. --- Fuzzy logic. --- Nonlinear logic --- Fuzzy mathematics --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Fuzzy systems --- Medicine-Philosophy. --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Medicine—Philosophy. --- Biology --- Mathematics --- Intelligence, Computational --- Artificial intelligence --- Soft computing