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The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an incomplete contract among sovereign countries. Trade policy flexibility mechanisms are designed to deal with contractual gaps, which are the inevitable consequence of this contractual incompleteness. Trade policy flexibility mechanisms are backed up by enforcement instruments which allow for punishment of illegal extra-contractual conduct. This book offers a legal and economic analysis of contractual escape and punishment in the WTO. It assesses the interrelation between contractual incompleteness, trade policy flexibility mechanisms, contract enforcement, and WTO Members' willingness to co-operate and to commit to trade liberalization. It contributes to the body of WTO scholarship by providing a systematic assessment of the weaknesses of the current regime of escape and punishment in the WTO, and the systemic implications that these weaknesses have for the international trading system, before offering a reform agenda that is concrete, politically realistic, and systemically viable.
Commercial law. Economic law (general) --- Law of international organizations --- World Trade Organization --- Foreign trade regulation --- Arbitration (International law) --- Performance (Law) --- Economic aspects --- Economic aspects. --- World Trade Organization. --- Performance (Law). --- Mora (Civil law) --- Contracts --- Debtor and creditor --- Discharge of contracts --- Extinguishment of debts --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Arbitration, International --- International arbitration --- International political arbitration --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- International commissions of inquiry --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Mediation, International --- Law and legislation --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- WTO --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Foreign trade regulation - Economic aspects --- Arbitration (International law) - Economic aspects --- Law --- General and Others --- Dispute resolution (Law)
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This paper compares the impact of distance, a standard proxy for trade costs, on eBay and offline international trade flows. It considers the same set of 62 countries and the same basket of goods for both types of transactions, and finds the effect of distance to be on average 65 percent smaller on the eBay online platform than offline. Using interaction variables, this difference is explained by a reduction of information and trust frictions enabled through online technology. The analysis estimates the welfare gains from a reduction in offline frictions to the level prevailing online at 29 percent on average. Remote countries that are little known, with weak institutions, high levels of income inequality, inefficient ports, and little internet penetration benefit the most, as online markets help overcome government and offline market failures.
Common Carriers Industry --- E-Business --- EBay --- Economic Theory & Research --- Free Trade --- Gravity --- International Economics & Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Online trade --- Poverty Reduction --- Trade costs --- Trade Law
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Bosnia and Hercegovina --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900 --- Serbia --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900
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Portugal --- Cartes --- Early works to 1800
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Greece --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900 --- Albania --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900 --- Bulgaria --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900 --- Macedonia --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900 --- Istanbul (Turkey) --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900 --- Edirne (Turquie) --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900
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Poland --- Cartes --- Early works to 1900
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