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This volume describes and explains the development of international parliamentary institutions and asks why international organizations establish parliamentary institutions without, however, granting them relevant decision-making powers.

International agencies --- International organization. --- Legislative bodies. --- Management. --- Federation, International --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International administration --- International federation --- Organization, International --- World federation --- World government --- World order --- World organization --- Congresses and conventions --- International relations --- Peace --- Political science --- International cooperation --- Security, International --- World politics --- Associations, International --- IGOs (Intergovernmental organizations) --- Institutions, International --- Inter-governmental organizations --- Intergovernmental organizations --- International associations --- International governmental organizations --- International institutions --- International organizations --- International unions --- Organizations, International --- Specialized agencies of the United Nations --- Interorganizational relations --- Non-state actors (International relations) --- International organization --- Bicameralism --- Legislatures --- Parliaments --- Unicameral legislatures --- Constitutional law --- Estates (Social orders) --- Representative government and representation --- Legislative bodies --- International cooperation. --- Decision making. --- Decision-making in political science

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EU external democracy promotion has traditionally been based on 'linkage', i.e. bottom-up support for democratic forces in third countries, and 'leverage', i.e. the top-down inducement of political elites towards democratic reforms through political conditionality. The advent of the European Neighbourhood Policy and new forms of association have introduced a new, third model of democracy promotion which rests in functional cooperation between administrations. This volume comparatively defines and assesses these three models of external democracy promotion in the EU's relations with its eastern and southern neighbours. It argues that while 'linkage' has hitherto failed to produce tangible outcomes, and the success of 'leverage' has basically been tied to an EU membership perspective, the 'governance' model of democracy promotion bears greater potential beyond the circle of candidate countries.This third approach, while not tackling the core institutions of the political system as such, but rather promoting transparency, accountability, and participation at the level of state administration, may turn out to remain the EU's most tangible form of democratic governance promotion in the future. This book was originally published as a special issue of Democratization.

Democratization. --- Démocratisation --- European Union. --- European Neighbourhood Policy (Program) --- European Union countries --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Foreign relations --- Relations extérieures --- Democracy --- Democratization --- European Union --- #SBIB:327.7H233 --- #SBIB:324H60 --- #SBIB:324H71 --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- New democracies --- Europese Unie: externe relaties, buitenlands- en defensiebeleid (ook WEU) --- Politieke socialisatie --- Politieke verandering: modernisatie, democratisering, regional development --- European Neighborhood Policy (Program) --- ENP --- European Commission. --- Politique européenne de voisinage (Program) --- PEV --- Politica Europeană de Vecinătate (Program) --- European Neighbourhood Policy (Program). --- Démocratisation --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Relations extérieures --- Democracy - European Union countries --- European Union countries - Foreign relations --- European Union countries - Foreign relations - 21st century

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International relations. Foreign policy --- European Union

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Differentiated integration has become a durable feature of the European Union and is a major alternative for its future development and reform. This book provides a comprehensive conceptual, theoretical, and empirical analysis of differentiation in European integration. It explains differentiation in EU treaties and legislation in general and offers specific accounts of differentiation in the recent enlargements of the EU, the Eurozone crisis, the Brexit negotiations, and the integration of non-member states. Ever Looser Union? introduces differentiated integration as a legal instrument that European governments use regularly to overcome integration deadlock in EU treaty negotiations and legislation. Differentiated integration follows two main logics. Instrumental differentiation adjusts integration to the heterogeneity of economic preferences and capacities, particularly in the context of enlargement. By contrast, constitutional differentiation accommodates concerns about national self-determination. Whereas instrumental differentiation mainly affects poorer (new) member states, constitutional differentiation offers wealthier and nationally oriented member states opt-outs from the integration of core state powers. The book shows that differentiated integration has facilitated the integration of new policies, new members, and even non-members. It has been mainly 'multi-speed' and inclusive. Most differentiations end after a few years and do not discriminate against member states permanently. Yet differentiation is less suitable for reforming established policies, managing disintegration and fostering solidarity, and the path-dependency of core state power integration may lead to permanent divides in the Union

European Union. --- European Union countries --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- European Union --- Politics and government --- EUROPEAN INTEGRATION --- European Union countries - Politics and government --- Europe - Politics and government

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Authors Schimmelfennig and Winzen offer a comprehensive account and assessment of differentiation in European integration, including an analysis of differentiation in EU enlargement, the Eurozone crisis, Brexit and the selective integration of non-member states.

European Union. --- European Union countries --- Europe --- Politics and government. --- E.U. --- Politics