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In 2011, Egyptians overthrew their authoritarian president, Hosni Mubarak. Since then, tumultuous shifts in civilian rule and military interventions have marred Egypt’s transition to democracy, prompting speculation about the potential for reversion to an authoritarian system. How revolutionary was Egypt’s change and how much of it remains? Among the most basic barometers of overall systemic revolutionary change is the education system and, more precisely, the way history is taught. “History is written by the victors,” Winston Churchill was to have remarked, and so history is often rewritten after a revolution. The victors usually want the old narrative removed and their own, new vision presented in textbooks, as they are understood to shape young people’s understanding of the past and present, thus they are conducive to the survival of the new regime.

Economic policy. --- Economic development.

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For decades the debate about migration has been reoccurring cyclically in Western Europe. In Poland, it is the first time since the transition in 1989 that migration and refugee policy has become a topic of political and public debate. Having joined the EU and North-Atlantic structures not only has Poland made a civilisational leap but also ensured stability and welfare for the society. By doing so it has become part of the richer "North", which for more than half a century now has been attracting people from the "South", from regions of conflict and poverty. Even if today Poland is not a destination of mass migration, with a high degree of probability the richer the country gets the more foreigners it will attract, both from poorer countries of similar cultural background and from the poorest and most destabilised regions of different cultures. This process is new and unfamiliar, so it can bring both risks and opportunities. PISM Report "Uncontrolled Migration to the European Union: Implications for Poland" sets out to explain the very phenomenon of uncontrolled migration to the EU in recent years from the Middle East, Asia, Africa, the Western Balkans and Ukraine. The authors also analyse the political and institutional results that this process yields in the European Union and contextualise uncontrolled migration by assessing its connectedness with the level of terrorist threat and with strategic socio-economic gains that a proper handling of migration brings.

Emigration and immigration --- Social aspects.