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Team sports training are progressively growing, and thus challenging strength and conditioning coaches and head coaches. As part of a well-prepared training strategy, it is important to establish a functional relationship among fitness assessment, load, and well-being monitoring and readiness analysis to identify the consequences of training stimulus for players. Each of these topics has already been isolated in research; however, it is important to bridge the gap between them and establish a greater and more comprehensive approach among fitness adaptations, training monitoring, and specific interventions performed. This may help us to achieve a clearer view of the big picture in terms of the consequences for players, such as, considering their exposure to successful biological adaptations or less successful cases, including illness or injuries. As it is clear that more research should be performed on the relationship among these dimensions and topics, the aim of the Special Issue on "Fitness Assessment, Athlete’s Monitoring Cycle and Training Interventions in Team Sports" was to publish high-quality original investigations, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis in the research field of team sports. We have published 22 articles that cover the topics of performance assessment and relationships between fitness measures; training load monitoring, well-being, and readiness in team sports;training interventions; complementary strategies for performance (e.g., nutrition, supplementation, psychology, injury preventions, and recovery); and determinants of illness and injuries in players.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- football --- load monitoring --- situational variables --- GPS --- sports science --- youth handball players′ characteristics --- RSA test --- anaerobic performance --- playing position characteristics --- asymmetry --- soccer --- strength --- youth --- muscles --- acceleration --- deceleration --- in-season --- non-starters --- pre-season --- starters --- training monotony --- training strain --- ball throwing --- hand size --- arm span --- motor performance --- stretch-shortening cycle --- additional weight --- ability-to-change-direction --- speed --- balance --- repeated change of direction --- autonomic nervous system --- cardiac autonomic --- vagal tone --- adolescents --- training load --- match analysis --- team sports performance --- exercise training --- velocity --- team sport performance --- injury risk screening --- athletes assessment --- landing error score system --- counter movement jump --- team sports --- statistical analysis --- correlation --- monitoring --- RPE --- heart rate --- beach handball --- youth athletes --- training interventions --- fitness assessment --- strength and conditioning --- female --- association football --- performance --- external load --- isoinertial training --- strength training --- vertical jump --- change of direction ability --- high-speed running --- match --- match result --- performance analysis --- technology --- inertial measurement units --- neuromuscular --- repeated jump --- max speed --- Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test --- muscle soreness --- maximal isometric contraction strength --- countermovement jump --- Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 --- soccer constraints --- small-sided games --- athletic performance --- sports training --- internal load --- body symmetry --- ski jumpers --- segmental phase angle --- visceral fat area --- BIA --- winter sports --- nutritional status --- soccer training --- s-RPE --- Hooper index --- match day --- match location --- physiology --- time motion --- notational analysis --- yangara (East Arnhemland NT SD53-04)

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Team sports training are progressively growing, and thus challenging strength and conditioning coaches and head coaches. As part of a well-prepared training strategy, it is important to establish a functional relationship among fitness assessment, load, and well-being monitoring and readiness analysis to identify the consequences of training stimulus for players. Each of these topics has already been isolated in research; however, it is important to bridge the gap between them and establish a greater and more comprehensive approach among fitness adaptations, training monitoring, and specific interventions performed. This may help us to achieve a clearer view of the big picture in terms of the consequences for players, such as, considering their exposure to successful biological adaptations or less successful cases, including illness or injuries. As it is clear that more research should be performed on the relationship among these dimensions and topics, the aim of the Special Issue on "Fitness Assessment, Athlete’s Monitoring Cycle and Training Interventions in Team Sports" was to publish high-quality original investigations, systematic reviews, and meta-analysis in the research field of team sports. We have published 22 articles that cover the topics of performance assessment and relationships between fitness measures; training load monitoring, well-being, and readiness in team sports;training interventions; complementary strategies for performance (e.g., nutrition, supplementation, psychology, injury preventions, and recovery); and determinants of illness and injuries in players.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- football --- load monitoring --- situational variables --- GPS --- sports science --- youth handball players′ characteristics --- RSA test --- anaerobic performance --- playing position characteristics --- asymmetry --- soccer --- strength --- youth --- muscles --- acceleration --- deceleration --- in-season --- non-starters --- pre-season --- starters --- training monotony --- training strain --- ball throwing --- hand size --- arm span --- motor performance --- stretch-shortening cycle --- additional weight --- ability-to-change-direction --- speed --- balance --- repeated change of direction --- autonomic nervous system --- cardiac autonomic --- vagal tone --- adolescents --- training load --- match analysis --- team sports performance --- exercise training --- velocity --- team sport performance --- injury risk screening --- athletes assessment --- landing error score system --- counter movement jump --- team sports --- statistical analysis --- correlation --- monitoring --- RPE --- heart rate --- beach handball --- youth athletes --- training interventions --- fitness assessment --- strength and conditioning --- female --- association football --- performance --- external load --- isoinertial training --- strength training --- vertical jump --- change of direction ability --- high-speed running --- match --- match result --- performance analysis --- technology --- inertial measurement units --- neuromuscular --- repeated jump --- max speed --- Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test --- muscle soreness --- maximal isometric contraction strength --- countermovement jump --- Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 --- soccer constraints --- small-sided games --- athletic performance --- sports training --- internal load --- body symmetry --- ski jumpers --- segmental phase angle --- visceral fat area --- BIA --- winter sports --- nutritional status --- soccer training --- s-RPE --- Hooper index --- match day --- match location --- physiology --- time motion --- notational analysis --- yangara (East Arnhemland NT SD53-04)

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Résumé

AQUATIC ECOLOGY --- AQUATIC ECOLOGY

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Freshwater systems play a central role in the biogeochemical cycling of carbon (C). They transport organic and inorganic C from the terrestrial biosphere to the oceans, yet this transport of Cis not passive, and freshwater systems produce, degrade, or store organic C, and exchange C with the atmosphere. Inland water bodies represent "hotspots" of C processing : although they cover alimited surface of the Earth (~0.5%), their contribution to the global C cycling is substantial incomparison with marine and terrestrial ecosystems. During the last decade, a new paradigm progressively emerged proposing that respiration of organic matter exceeds autochthonous production in freshwaters ecosystems, meaning that they are predominantly net heterotrophic. This concept seems to hold especially true for oligotrophic, unproductive ecosystems, where the C cycle would be dominated by substantial inputs of allochthonous organic matter of terrestrial origin, which support the growth of heterotrophic organisms. This has important implications, because net heterotrophy has been recognised as one of the main cause for the net emission of CO2 emissions from freshwaters ecosystems to the atmosphere. In contrast, eutrophic ecosystems would tend to be net autotrophic. However, our current knowledge on C dynamics in freshwater ecosystems is still largely of an empirical nature, and hence could be biased because most of the observations were gathered in medium to small systems, located in the temperate and boreal regions of the world. Large (> 250 km²) tropical lakes, especially in Africa, have been consistently undersampled although they differ from temperate lakes in some fundamental characteristics. This study provides evidence that Lake Kivu represents an example of a large tropical lake being net autotrophic, despite the common assumption that oligotrophic freshwater ecosystems are net heterotrophic. The net autotrophic status could be related to specific morphometrical features of Lake Kivu, such as its low catchment-to-surface area ratio that is responsible for the relativelymodest allochthonous organic matter inputs from its watershed ; but also related to someenvironmental parameters distinctive of tropical environments, which significantly affect its ecological functioning. This study notably demonstrates that the percentage of phytoplankton production excreted as dissolved organic matter through physiological processes was comparatively higher in oligotrophic tropical lakes than in their temperate counterparts, due to the higher irradiance conditions distinctive of the tropics. The organic molecules freshly excreted by phytoplankton cells (DOCp) were highly labile and rapidly assimilated by heterotrophic prokaryotes. In consequence, the standing stock of phytoplankton-derived organic molecules was very small, and the bulk dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pool was mainly composed of older, more refractory compounds that would reach the mixed layer through vertical advective and diffusive fluxes. Overall, it highlights the ecological importance of C transfer between the phytoplankton and the bacterioplankton components of the food-web in large tropical lakes. Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analyses indicate that the phytoplankton-derived autochtonous carbon was channelled up to the zooplankton level of the food-web, throughout the year. The seasonal variability in the δ15N signature of the particulate nitrogen pool in the euphotic zone reflected changes the phytoplankton assemblage structure, with a relatively higher contribution of N2-fixing cyanobacteria during the rainy season. Permanently stratified water bodies, such as Lake Kivu, are characterized by the presence of pelagic gradients in oxygen (oxycline) and redox potential (redoxcline). The pelagic redoxclines are usually an area of intense biogeochemical activities, where chemoautotrophs and methanotrophs derive their energy from the oxidation of reduced species. The results of this study provide evidences for the existence of a biogeochemically active methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic bacterial community in the redoxcline of Lake Kivu. Additionally, phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) analyses suggest that the bacterial community composition was structured vertically in the water column, with a large dissimilarity between the oxic and oxygen-depleted waters. The vertical variability of the δ13C signature of the particulate organic carbon (POC) pool and methane (CH4) revealed the presence of a consistently abundant methanotrophic bacterial biomass in the oxycline throughout the year. Approximately 4-6% of the vertically-integrated POC pool is derived from CH4-derived carbon on an annual basis, but this contribution locally reached ~50% in the oxycline during the dry season. Indeed, Lake Kivu is well-known for the high amount of CH4 dissolved in its permanently stratified layer of water. However, the emissions of CH4 to theatmosphere was found to be 2 orders of magnitude lower than the estimated upward CH4 flux, suggesting that microbial CH4 oxidation is an important process within the water column. Methanotrophic bacterial production (MBP) rates in Lake Kivu, estimated during the dry and the rainy season, were always the highest at the transition between the oxic and the oxygen-depleted waters. Furthermore, PLFA analyses showed that aerobic methanotrophic bacteria type I (Gammaproteobacteria) dominated the methanotrophic bacterial community. Volumetric chemoautotrophic bacterial production (CBP) rates measured in Lake Kivu were in the same range of values reported from H2S-rich marine redoxclines, such as the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Cariaco Basin ; and as in these systems, the maximal chemoautotrophic activities were observed in sulfidic waters, well below the oxycline. Vertically integrated over the water column, the sum of the measured MBP and CBP rates (31 - 42 mmol C m-2 d-1, depending on season and location) were comparable to the mean phytoplankton particulate primary production (49 mmol C m-2 d-1). This study supports the idea that methanotrophs and chemoautotrophs might play a quantitatively important role in the functioning of permanently stratified tropical lakes. In Lake Kivu, they participate substantially to the O2 consumption in the water column, and hence to the seasonal uplift of the oxycline. They also contribute significantly to the autochtonous primary production, but exert an indirect control on oxygenic photoautotrophs by limiting the vertical nutrient flux to the illuminated surface waters. It is likely that more stable stratification conditions due to climate warming would further reinforce the importance of methanotrophy and chemoautotrophy in the ecosystem functioning of Lake Kivu.

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BR Staff Publications [a] (paper in international, peer reviewed journal)